Allied Control Council
The Allied Control Council (ACC) or Allied Control Authority (
The council was convened to determine several plans for postwar Europe, including how to change borders and transfer populations in Central Europe. As the four powers had joined themselves into a condominium asserting supreme power in Germany, the Allied Control Council was constituted the sole legal sovereign authority for Germany as a whole, replacing the civil government of Germany under the Nazi Party. In 1948, the Soviets withdrew from the ACC due to its conflict with the western Allies, who then established the Allied High Commission. In 1949, two German states (West and East Germany) were founded and, along with the state of Austria, were granted sovereignty in 1955.
Creation
Allied preparations for the postwar occupation of Germany began during the second half of 1944, after Allied forces began entering Germany in September 1944. Most of the planning was carried out by the European Advisory Commission (EAC) established in early 1944. By 3 January 1944, the Working Security Committee in the EAC concluded that,
It is recognised that, in view of the chaotic conditions to be anticipated in Germany, whether a capitulation occurs before invasion or after invasion and consequent establishment of military government, an initial period of military government in Germany is inevitable and should be provided for.[1]
The EAC also recommended the creation of a tripartite British, US and Soviet agency to conduct German affairs following the Nazis' surrender. The British representative at the EAC,
As the German collapse approached, Strang became convinced that Germany was about to undergo a total collapse, in which case a total occupation and control would be inevitable. He even proposed a draft declaration to be issued by the Allied governments in case no political authority remained in Germany due to chaotic conditions.[3] For a brief period, this prospect was feared by some Allied representatives.
After the
The
The Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Provisional Government of the French Republic, hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany, including all the powers possessed by the German Government, the High Command and any state, municipal, or local government or authority. The assumption, for the purposes stated above, of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany.[7]
— US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520.
This imposition was in line with Article 4 of the Instrument of Surrender that had been included so that the EAC document, or something similar, could be imposed on the Germans after the military surrender. Article 4 stated that "This act of military surrender is without prejudice to and will be superseded by any general instrument of surrender imposed by, or on behalf of the United Nations and applicable to GERMANY and the German armed forces as a whole."[8] In reality, of course, German authority had ceased to exist since all remaining German armed forces surrendered before. These parts of the Berlin declaration, therefore, merely formalised the de facto status and placed the Allied military rule over Germany on a solid legal basis.
An additional agreement was signed on 20 September 1945 and further elaborated the powers of the Control Council.[9]
The actual exercise of power was carried out according to the model first laid out in the "Agreement on Control Machinery in Germany" that had been signed by the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union on 14 November 1944 in London[10] based on the work of the EAC. Germany was divided into four zones of occupation—British, American, French and Soviet—each being ruled by the commander-in-chief of the respective occupation forces. "Matters that affect Germany as a whole," however, would have to be decided jointly by all four commanders-in-chief, who for this purpose would form a single organ of control. This authority was called the Control Council.
The purpose of the Allied Control Council in Germany, like the other Allied Control Commissions and Councils which were established by the Allies over every defeated Axis power, was to deal with the central administration of the country (an idea that hardly materialised in the case of Germany, as that administration totally broke down with the end of the war) and to assure that the military administration was carried out with a certain uniformity throughout all of Germany. The Potsdam Agreement of 1 August 1945 further specified the tasks of the Control Council.
Operation
Subsequently, the Control Council issued a substantial number of laws, directives, orders and proclamations. They dealt with the abolition of Nazi laws and organisations, demilitarisation, and denazification, but also with such comparatively pedestrian matters as telephone tariffs and the combat of venereal diseases. On many issues the council was unable to impose its resolutions, as real power lay in the hands of the separate Allied governments and their military governors and the council issued recommendations that did not have the force of law. On 20 September 1945, the council issued Directive no. 10, which divided the various official acts of the Control Council into five categories:[11]: Vol 1, 95–96
- Proclamations – "to announce matters or acts of special importance to the occupying power or to the German people, or to both".
- Laws – "on matters of general application, unless they expressly provide otherwise".
- Orders – "when the Control Council has requirement to impose on Germany and when laws are not used".
- Directives – "to communicate policy or administrative decisions of the Control Council".
- Instructions – "when the Control Council wishes to impose requirements direct upon a particular authority".
Directive no. 11 of the same day made the work of the council more orderly by establishing English, French, Russian and German as the official languages of the council and by establishing an official gazette to publish the council's official acts.[11]: Vol 1, 97–98
Directive no. 51 (29 April 1947), repealing Directive no. 10, simplified the council's legislative work by reducing the categories of legislative acts to Proclamations, Laws and Orders.[11]: Vol 1, 27–29
War criminals
Directive no. 9 (30 August 1945) charged the legal division of the council with responsibility for carrying out the provisions of the London Agreement on the prosecution of German war criminals, signed in London on 8 August.[11]: Vol 1, 45
Shortly after the commencement of the
On 12 October 1946, the council issued Directive no. 38, which, while trying to impose some common rules, allowed the four occupation governments discretion as to treatment of persons arrested by them for suspected war crimes, including the right to grant amnesty.[11]: Vol. V, pp. 12–48
Dissolution of the German army and government agencies
Order no. 1 of 30 August 1945 prohibited the wearing of uniform of the German Army, which now ceased to exist.[11]: Vol. V, 47
An order dated 10 September ordered the recall of all German government agents and diplomatic representatives from the countries to which they were assigned.[11]: Vol. V, 49 Another order of the same day established a procedure for disseminating information to the press on the council's work, ordering that a press release be issued following every meeting of the council.[11]: Vol. V, 54–55
Directive no. 18 (12 November 1945) provided for the dissolution of all German Army units, all within a time limit to be decided upon.[11]: Vol. V, 188–190 This directive reflects the policy taken by the western Allied governments of using German military units for their own logistical purposes, a move objected to by the Soviet government. The complete dissolution of all German military units and military training was provided for in Law no. 8 (30 November 1945), which became effective on 1 December 1945.[11]: Vol. V, 223–224
Restoration of order into German hands
Law no. 4 (30 October 1945) re-established the German court system according to German legislation enacted prior to Hitler's rise to power.[11]: Vol. V, 173–175
Directive no. 16 (6 November 1945) provided for the equipment of the German police forces with light weapons to combat crime, while the carrying of automatic rifles was prohibited except with special Allied permission.[11]: Vol. V, 182–183
Law no. 21 (30 March 1946) provided for the establishment of labor courts to resolve labor disputes within the German population. These courts were to be run by German judges.[11]: Vol. III, 51–55
Gradually, the Allied governments relaxed their control over German political life and on 3 June 1946, the Political Directorate of the Control Council recommended to hold municipal elections in the city of Berlin in October of the same year.[11]: Vol. III, 170 On 3 August 1946, the council approved a new provisional constitution for the Greater Berlin metropolitan area.[11]: Vol. IV, 32–47 Another reform relating to Berlin took place on 22 August 1946, as the council approved a reform plan for the police of Greater Berlin, which assigned four assistants to the Berlin Chief of Police, each to oversee police work in each of the four occupation sectors in that metropolitan area.[11]: Vol. IV, 70–72
Denazification and eradication of militarism
Law no. 2 (10 October 1945) provided for the total and permanent dissolution of the National Socialist Party and its revival was totally prohibited.[11]: Vol. I, 131–132 As part of the denazification policy, Directive no. 23 (17 December 1945) prohibited any athletic activities performed as part of military or para-military training, the prohibition to be effective as of 1 January 1946.[11]: Vol. IV, 304–305
Directive no. 24 (12 January 1946) established a set of comprehensive criteria for the removal from public office those "who have been more than nominal participants in its (Nazi Party) activities" and provided for their removal from any civil service or work in civil organisation, labor unions, industry, education or the press and any work other than simple labor. The category of persons to which the directive applied were those who held significant positions in the Nazi Party or those who joined prior to 1937, the time when membership became compulsory for German citizens.[11]: Vol. II, 16–44
In order to eradicate the influence of Nazi literature on the German population, Order no. 4 (13 May 1946) prohibited the publication and dissemination of Nazi or militarist literature and demanded to hand over any existing such literature to the Allied authorities.[11]: Vol. III, 131–132
Law no. 31 (1 July 1946) prohibited the German police authorities to conduct any surveillance of political activities by German citizens in the various occupation zones.[11]: Vol. IV, 1–2
Some reforms were symbolic in nature. Law no. 46 (25 February 1947) proclaimed the abolition of Prussia as an administrative unit within Germany, citing past militarism associated with that name as the cause for the change. Free state of Prussia and government of Prussia had already been abolished by Hitler in 1934. Part of the former territory of Prussia was no longer even populated by Germans, as it became part of Poland after most Germans had been forcibly relocated westward, while the rest of the territory of Prussia was divided among other German Länder.[11]: Vol. VI, 28–29
Law no. 57 (30 August 1947) dissolved all German insurance companies that were connected with the
Expulsion of German-speaking minorities residing outside Germany
One major issue dealt with by the Control Council was the decision made at the Potsdam Conference regarding the forced removal of German minorities from Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland to Allied-occupied Germany. On 20 November 1945, the council approved a plan to that effect to be completed by July 1946.[11]: Vol. I, 199–201 France, not having been a party to the Potsdam conference, reserved the right not to be bound by any agreements made there; and accordingly refused to accept German expellees into the French zone of occupation.
Other issues
On 10 September 1945, the council issued an appeal to the separate Allied military governors, requesting them to relax trade regulations between the four occupation zones but this was only a recommendation, as each Allied government maintained the real power on such matters.[11]: Vol. V, 56
On 17 September, the council issued recommendations to the four occupying powers to establish tracing bureaus to assist displaced persons.[11]: Vol. V, 57–61
On 20 September, the council issued an order prohibiting fraternisation between Allied military personnel and the German population, effective from 1 October, except in cases of marriage or when a military governor decided to billet his soldiers with a German family.[11]: Vol. V, 65
Law no. 5 (30 October 1945) created the German External Property Commission, which was authorised to confiscate any German assets outside of Germany until the Control Council decided how to dispose of it in the interests of peace.[11]: Vol. V, 176–180 The composition of that commission was decided in Directive no. 21 (20 November 1945).[11]: Vol. V, 198
Law no. 7 (30 November 1945) regulated the distribution of electricity and gas in the various occupation zones.[11]: Vol. V, 221–222
Law no. 9 (promulgated the same day as no. 7) provided for the confiscation of all assets owned by the IG Farben conglomerate.[11]: Vol. V, 225–226
Law no. 32 (10 July 1946) permitted the German local authorities to employ women in manual labor, due to the shortage in manpower.[11]: Vol. V, vol IV, p. 9 Supplement to Directive no. 14 (13 September 1946) equalised the wages of female and minor workers with male workers.[11]: Vol. V, 98
Law no. 49 (20 March 1947) abrogated the German law of 1933 which governed relations between the German government and the German Evangelical Church, while keeping the independence of that church in internal matters.[11]: Vol. VI, 58 Law no. 62 (20 February 1948) repealed all Nazi laws regulating the activities of churches in Germany.[11]: Vol. IX, 1–2
Incapacitation of the council
From the first, the French sought to exploit their position on the Control Council to obstruct aspects of Allied policy they saw as contrary to their national interests. De Gaulle had not been invited to the Potsdam Conference and accordingly the French did not accept any obligation to abide by the Potsdam Agreement in the proceedings of the Allied Control Council. In particular, they resisted all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as a whole and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government.[12] For example; France created the Saar Protectorate in Saarland of its zone but was never recognized by the Soviet Union, one member of the occupying ACC.
Relations between the Western Allies (especially the United States and the United Kingdom) and the Soviet Union subsequently deteriorated and so did their cooperation in the administration of occupied Germany. Within each zone each power ran its own administration, such as the
After the breakdown
As the Control Council could act only with the agreement of all four members, this move basically paralysed the institution, while the
The Western powers instituted the
In establishing the Allied Control Council as the supreme authority for Germany and the sole legal repository of German national sovereignty, the Allied Powers of 1945 had envisaged that this sovereignty would eventually be passed on to a new German state, once a unified German government adequate for the purpose had been established. The breakdown of the Allied Control Council therefore created a constitutional dilemma for both the nascent Federal Republic and GDR governments, as neither new state could claim formal approval of their constitutions from the full Control Council, and it was unclear how otherwise they might claim legitimate sovereignty over the parts of Germany under their control.
The Allied Control Council met once again on 3 September 1971, leading to the Four Power Agreement on Berlin. During the talks for unification of Germany in late 1989, it was decided to convene the ACC again as a forum for solving the issue of Allied rights and privileges in Germany.
Germany remained under nominal military occupation until 15 March 1991, when the final ratification of the
The council had held its final meeting on 2 October 1990, on the eve of the reunification of Germany, when it promulgated the formal documents – already agreed in advance – that authorised the inclusion of the city of Berlin in the German reunification. This was necessary because, until then, West Berlin was legally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany, although it was administered by it. But with the allied Souveränitätserklärung (Sovereignty Declaration) agreed in the council, the Federal Republic was allowed to assume legal control of Berlin at the moment of German reunification (although the withdrawal of the Allied military presence had to wait until 1994, in accordance with the timeframe provided by the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany).
The Kammergericht building
During its short active life, the Allied Control Council was housed in and operated from the former building of the Kammergericht, the supreme court of the state of Prussia, which is situated in Berlin's Schöneberg locality.[14]
The building itself had suffered some battle damage, losing a central tower, but had remained mostly usable. After the cessation of most council activity in 1948, all occupying powers quickly withdrew from the building to their respective sectors of the city, leaving the facility cold, empty and dark.
Only one
Because of the BASC's presence, the building remained closely guarded by United States military guards, with access granted only to select members of the four powers. This led to mysterious legends and ghost stories about the eerie, dark facility with its grand, granite statuary overlooking the beautiful park.
After the fall of the
See also
- Allied-occupied Germany
- Allied Kommandatura
- European Advisory Commission
- History of Germany
- Military occupation
- Far Eastern Commission
Sources of laws of the Allied Control Council
- "The Establishment of the Allied Control Council (June 5, 1945)". German History in Documents and Images (GHDI). Retrieved 9 November 2019.
Official documents on the Allied Control Council's establishment. - Allied Control Authority Germany, Enactments and Approved Papers, 9 volumes (Berlin, 1946–1948), covering the period 1945–1948
References
- ^ Memorandum of the Working Security Committee, 3 January 1944, Foreign Relations of the United States 1944, vol. I, p. 102
- ^ Foreign Relations of the United States 1944, vol. I, pp. 141–144
- ^ Memorandum by Sir William Strang, 30 March 1945, Foreign Relations of the United States 1945, vol. III, pp. 208–209
- from the original on 2005-05-19. Retrieved 2005-05-13. First Printed 1975-CMH Pub 30-6
- ^ The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946. p. 109.
- .
- S2CID 246003249.
- ^ Earl F. Ziemke References Chapter XV:The Victory Sealed Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine p. 258
- ^ text in Department of State Bulletin, October 7, 1945, pp. 515–521
- ^ "Scanned original document at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum". Archived from the original on 2006-10-27. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Enactment and Approved Papers of the Control Council and Coordinating Committee, Allied Control Authority Germany, 1945
- Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 345.
- ^ Enactments and Approved Papers, vol. IV, pp. 115–118
- ^ Settel, Arthur, ed. (1946). "2". A Year of Potsdam German Economy Since Surrender: Prepared by the Economics Division, Office of Military Government for Germany (US). United States War Department. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- William Durie, "The United States Garrison Berlin 1945–1994", Mission Accomplished, August 2014 ISBN 978-1-63068-540-9.