Amanita abrupta

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Amanita abrupta
A young specimen
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. abrupta
Binomial name
Amanita abrupta
Peck (1897)
Synonyms[3]
  • Lepidella abrupta (Peck) J.-E.Gilbert (1928)[1]
  • Aspidella abrupta (Peck) J.-E.Gilbert (1940)[2]
Amanita abrupta
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex or flat
mycorrhizal
Edibility is poisonous or unknown

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed amanita

mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both coniferous and deciduous
tree species.

Taxonomy

A. abrupta was first

Synonyms include binomials resulting from generic transfers by Jean-Edouard Gilbert to Lepidella in 1928, and to Aspidella in 1940.[3] Both of these genera have since been subsumed into Amanita.[6]

A. abrupta is the

A. solitaria, A. virgineoides, and A. japonica.[9]

The specific epithet abrupta refers to the shape of the swollen base, which is abruptly enlarged rather than gradually tapering.[10] The species' common name is the "American abrupt-bulbed Lepidella".[11]

Description

The ring on the stem is prominent in mature specimens.

As with most mushrooms, the bulk of A. abrupta lies beneath the ground as an aggregation of fungal cells called hyphae; under appropriate environmental conditions, the visible reproductive structure (fruit body) is formed. The cap has a diameter of 4 to 10 centimeters (1+1⁄2 to 4 inches), and has a broadly convex shape when young, but eventually flattens.[11] The central portion of the cap becomes depressed in mature specimens.[11] The cap surface is verrucose—covered with small angular or pyramidal erect warts (1–2 mm tall by 1–2 mm wide at the base);[11] the warts are smaller and more numerous near the margin of the cap,[12] and small fragments of tissue may be hanging from the margin of the cap.[13] The cap surface, the warts, and the flesh are white. The warts can be easily separated from the cap, and in mature specimens they have often completely or partly disappeared.[5] The white gills are placed moderately close together, reaching the stem but not directly attached to it.

The

glabrous), solid (that is, not hollow internally), and has an abruptly bulbous base with the shape of a flattened sphere; it may develop longitudinal splits on the sides. The base is often attached to a copious white mycelium—a visual reminder that the bulk of the organism lies unseen below the surface. The ring is membranous, and persistent—not weathering away with time;[5] the ring may be attached to the stem with white fibers.[12] The mushroom has no distinct odor.[14]

Microscopic characteristics

The spores of A. abrupta are broadly elliptical or roughly spherical.

When collected in deposit, such as with a

cap cuticle comprises a layer of densely interwoven, sightly gelatinized, filamentous hyphae that are 3–8 μm in diameter. The stem tissue is made of sparse, thin, longitudinally oriented hyphae measuring 294 by 39 μm.[16]

Similar species

The fruit bodies of Amanita kotohiraensis, a species known only from Japan, bears a superficial resemblance to A. abrupta, but A. kotohiraensis differs in having scattered floccose patches (tufts of soft woolly hairs that are the remains of the volva) on the cap surface, and pale yellow gills.[17] A. polypyramis fruit bodies have also been noted to be similar to A. abrupta;[14] however, it tends to have larger caps, up to 21 cm (8.3 in) in diameter, a fragile ring that soon withers away, and somewhat larger spores that typically measure 9–14 by 5–10 μm.[18] The amyloidity and size of the spores are reliable characteristics to help distinguish A. abrupta specimens with less prominently bulbous bases from other lookalike species.[12]

Mycologists Tsuguo Hongo and Rokuya Imazeki suggested in the 1980s that the Japanese mushroom A. sphaerobulbosa was synonymous with the North American A. abrupta.[19][20] However, a 1999 study of Amanita specimens in Japanese herbaria concluded that they were closely related but distinct species, due to differences in spore shape and in the microstructure of the volval remnants.[21] Another similar species, A. magniverrucata, is differentiated from A. abrupta by a number of characteristics: the universal veil is clearly separated from the flesh of the cap; the volval warts disappear more quickly because the surface of the cap cuticle gelatinizes; the partial veil is more persistent; the spores are smaller and roughly spherical; on the underside of the partial veil, the stem has surface fibrils that are drawn upward so as to somewhat resemble a cortina (a cobweb-like protective covering over the immature spore bearing surfaces); A. magniverrucata has a known distribution limited to the south western coast of North America.[22]

Distribution and habitat

The fruit bodies of A. abrupta grow on the ground, typically solitary, in

Virginia Pine.[28]

Toxicity

The mushroom is considered inedible;[29] it is generally not recommended to consume Amanita mushrooms as some are very deadly.[13]

Pharmacology

Animal test based studies (

hepatotoxic effects.[30] 2-Amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid is associated with these effects.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gilbert, J.-E.; Kühner, R. (1928). "Recherches sur les spores des amanites". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 44: 149–154.
  2. ^ Gilbert, J.-E. (1940). "Iconographia mycologica, Amanitaceae". Iconographia Mycologica. 27: 1–198 (see p. 79).
  3. ^ a b "Amanita abrupta Peck 1897". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  4. ^ "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
  5. ^
    JSTOR 2477879
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  7. ^ Tulloss, R.E. "Sections of Amanita". Studies in the Amanitaceae. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  8. ISBN 978-0-89327-459-7
    .
  9. ^ Zhang, L.; Yang, J.; Zhuliang, Y. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of eastern Asian species of Amanita (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): taxonomic and biogeographic implications" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 17: 219–238.
  10. ^ a b c d e Metzler and Metzler (1992), p. 64.
  11. ^ a b c d e Tulloss, R.E. "Amanita abrupta". Studies in the Amanitaceae. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  12. ^ a b c d Kuo, M. (August 2003). "Amanita abrupta". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  13. ^
    ISBN 1-55407-115-1
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 0-7627-3109-5
    .
  15. ^ Metzler and Metzler (1992), p. 331.
  16. ^ a b Jenkins (1986), p. 77.
  17. ^ Nagasawa, E.; Mitani, S. (2000). "A new species of Amanita section Lepidella from Japan". Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo). 32: 93–97.
  18. ^ Kuo, M. (March 2008). "Amanita polypyramis". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  19. ^ Hongo, T. (1982). "The Amanitas of Japan". Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica (in Japanese). 33: 116–126.
  20. ^ Imazeki, R.; Hongo, T. (1987). Colored Illustrations of Mushrooms of Japan. Vol. 1. Osaka, Japan: Hoikusha Publishing.
  21. ^ Yang, Z.-L.; Doi, Y. (1999). "A contribution to the knowledge of Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) in Japan". Bulletin of the National Science Museum of Tokyo Series B. 25 (3): 107–130.
  22. doi:10.5248/108.93
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-8156-3112-5
    .
  24. JSTOR 3671322
    .
  25. ^ Jenkins (1986), p. 5.
  26. ^ "Liste des Macromycètes – Outaouais Québec 1984—2006" (PDF) (in French). Les mycologues amateurs de l'Outaouais. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  27. ISBN 978-968-835-546-6
    .
  28. JSTOR 3756310. Archived from the original
    on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  29. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2
    .
  30. ^ Fukuhara et al.: Hepatotoxic action of a poisonous mushroom, Amanita abrupta in mice and its toxic component, Toxicology, 1986.
  31. ^ Pubchem Open Chemistry Database: 2-Amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid (2017-07-01)

Cited books

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