Amanita flavoconia

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Amanita flavoconia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. flavoconia
Binomial name
Amanita flavoconia
Synonyms[1]

1941 Amplariella flavoconia (G.F.Atk.) E.-J.Gilbert
1948 Venenarius flavoconius (G.F.Atk.)

Murrill

Amanita flavoconia
mycorrhizal
Edibility is unknown

Amanita flavoconia, commonly known as yellow patches, yellow wart, orange amanita, yellow-dust amanita or the American yellow dust amanita,

mixed forests, especially in mycorrhizal association with hemlock
.

Taxonomy

A. flavoconia variants (top and bottom, far left)

Amanita flavoconia was first described by American naturalist

William Alphonso Murrill thought that it belonged best in Venenarius;[1][5] both of these segregate genera have been folded back into Amanita.[6]

The

specific epithet flavoconia means yellowish and conical.[7] Its common names include "yellow patches",[7] "yellow wart",[8] "orange Amanita",[9] or "yellow-dust Amanita".[10]

Description

Closeup of cap surface

The cap is initially ovoid in shape, but in maturity becomes convex and eventually flattened. Orange to bright yellow-orange in color, it reaches diameters of 3 to 9 centimetres (1 to 3+1⁄2 inches).[7] Young specimens are covered with chrome yellow warts that may be easily rubbed off or washed away with rain.

The cap surface is smooth and sticky (viscid) beneath the warts; the edge of the cap is striate, reflecting the arrangement of the gills underneath. The flesh is white. The gills are barely free from the stem, and packed close together. They are white or tinged yellow on the edges, and initially covered with a yellowish partial veil. The stem is typically 5.5 to 11.5 cm (2 to 4+1⁄2 in) long by 0.7 to 1.4 cm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) thick,[11] equal or slightly tapered upward from a small rounded bulb at the base. Its color may range from white to yellowish orange, and the surface may be smooth, or covered with small flakes. The base of the stem usually has chrome yellow flakes of universal veil material adhering loosely to the bulb, or in the soil around the base. The partial veil leaves a skirt-like ring, (annulus) on the upper stem. The spore print of A. flavoconia is white.[7]

Campbell and Petersen published a detailed description of the characteristics of A. flavoconia grown in culture. In the era prior to the commonplace use of DNA analysis and phylogenetics, cultural characters were often used to help provide additional taxonomic information; they found considerable variability between different isolates.[12]

Two variants have been reported from Colombia, collected from Quercus humboldtii forests: A. flavoconia var. sinapicolor and var. inquinata.[13]

Microscopic features

The

sterigmata, extensions that hold the spores.[14] The outer layer, or cuticle of the cap (known technically as the pileipellis) is made of filamentous interwoven gelatinized hyphae, with diameters between 3 and 7 μm.[11]

Similar species

This species has often been confused with A. muscaria, some subspecies of which are also orange-colored.[10] It also bears some resemblance to A. frostiana and A. flavorubescens. One 1982 study concluded that a "large majority" of herbarium specimens labeled as A. frostiana were actually A. flavoconia. The use of microscopic features is necessary to distinguish clearly among the species: A. flavoconia has elliptic, amyloid spores, while A. frostiana has round, non-amyloid spores; A. muscaria has nonamyloid, elliptic spores. In the field, A. flavorubescens can usually be distinguished by its yellow cap color.[11]

Distribution and habitat

A common

red spruce forests.[7]

In North America, A. flavoconia has a wide distribution and has been collected from several locations, including Ontario, Canada;[15] the United States[11] (Iowa),[16] and Mexico.[17][18] It has been described as "of the most common and widespread species of Amanita in eastern North America."[19]

Edibility

As the edibility of this species is unknown, it should not be consumed.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk. 1902". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
  2. ^ "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
  3. JSTOR 3752544
    .
  4. ^ Gilbert E.-J. "Iconographia mycologica, Amanitaceae". Iconographia Mycologica. 27 (Suppl. 1): 203–427.
  5. ^ Murrill W.A. (1948). "Florida Amanitas". Lloydia. 11: 99–110.
  6. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6. Google Books
  8. ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0. Google Books
  9. ISBN 978-0-8173-0442-3
    .
  10. ^ a b "Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium". 2006. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-916422-55-4
    .
  12. ^ Campbell MP, Petersen RH (1975). "Cultural characters of certain Amanita taxa". Mycotaxon. 1 (3): 239–58.
  13. ^ Tulloss RE, Ovrebo CL, Halling RE (1992). "Studies on Amanita Amanitaceae from Andean Colombia". Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 66: 1–46.
  14. ^ Jenkins D.Y. (1982). "A study of Amanita types .4. Taxa described by Atkinson, G.F.". Mycotaxon. 14 (1): 237–46.
  15. JSTOR 2483234
    .
  16. ^ Martin G.W. (1925–1926). "Some Amanitas from eastern Iowa". Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 32: 205–18.
  17. ^ Aroche RM, Cifuentes J, Lorea F, Fuentes P, Bonavides J, Galicia H, Menendez E, Aguilar O, Valenzuela V (1984). "Toxic and edible mushrooms in a community of the valley of Mexico 1". Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish) (19): 291–318.
  18. ^ Ayala N, Manjarrez I, Guzman G, Thiers HS (1988). "Fungi from the Baja California peninsula Mexico III. The known species of the genus Amanita". Revista Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish). 4: 69–74.
  19. ^ Tulloss R.E. (21 January 2009). "Amanita flavoconia G. F. Atk. var. flavoconia". Retrieved 2009-07-29.
  20. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanita_flavoconia&oldid=1194800170"