Anti-Racist Action
Torch Network) | |
Founders | Kieran Frazier Knutson[1] IWW General Defense Committee Anarchist Black Cross Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice Support Prisoner Resistance International Anti-Fascist Defence Fund |
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Website | Anti-RacistAction.org (no longer updated) |
Anti-Racist Action (ARA), also known as the Anti-Racist Action Network, is a decentralized network of militant
The network originated among the hardcore punk skinhead scene in Minnesota among a group known as the Minneapolis Baldies which had been founded in 1987.[1] The network grew and spread throughout North America. The Midwestern United States, particularly Minneapolis, Chicago and Columbus, were the main hotspot for activity, but notable chapters existed in Portland, Los Angeles, Toronto and elsewhere. In the early 1990s, the Anti-Racist Action Network began to organize an annual conference, attended by representatives of the various official chapters, along with prospective members. These events often feature guest speakers and hardcore punk bands. In the late 1990s, the network was affiliated with a short-lived international grouping which called itself the Militant Anti-Fascist Network and consisted of mostly Europe-based groups such as the UK-based Anti-Fascist Action and various German Antifa factions among others.
Politically, the network has always stated that anti-racism and anti-fascism are its main goals, adopting a non-sectarian approach to party affiliation for chapter members, and there is no pre-requisite to adhere to any particular party line outside of the five "Points of Unity."
History
Origins in Minneapolis hardcore punk scene
Anti-Racist Action originated from the
Chicago skinheads formed their own Anti-Racist Action (ARA) by May 1989. Chicago ARA activists fought with the neo-Nazi skinheads of Chicago Area SkinHeads (CASH).[10] A group called Skinheads of Chicago (SHOC) consisted mostly of black skinheads and adhered to left-wing and black power politics; some of them featured on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 1989, opposing CASH who were guests.[11]
People in the hardcore punk scene became more widely aware of ARA across America due to a nationwide magazine called
1990s spread beyond the Midwest
From the late 1980s into the 1990s, the network began to grow. One of their main rallying points was in relation to the trials of
Marty Williams of Chicago ARA stated that, by 1992, the network had expanded beyond its original subcultural base in the skinhead scene to include also students, workers, anarchist punks and older left-wing activists.
Anti-Racist Action chapters in the Midwest began to organize an annual conference under the banner of the Midwest Anti-Fascist Network, starting on October 15, 1994; the first took place in Columbus, Ohio.[27] These annual conferences had guest speakers at each event. The first featured Signe Waller, the widow of Michael Waller, a Communist Workers' Party member killed during the Greensboro massacre in 1979.[27][28] The following year Chip Berlet was the guest speaker, along with Rita "Bo" Brown of the George Jackson Brigade as well as Waller.[28][nb 1]
The network expanded into
ARA Minneapolis and ARA Toronto attended a conference in London in October 1997 which brought together twenty-two delegates from the emerging international (mostly European) militant anti-fascist movements. There was a significant disagreement between two of the major groups: the Autonome Antifa (M), a German Antifa delegation based in Göttingen, and Anti-Fascist Action from Britain (who had partly inspired the creation of ARA in the first place).[32] The British-delegation were mostly working-class and argued for a class basis for anti-fascist struggle as well as for physical force against those it defined as fascists, while AA (M), who were more based in the middle-class intelligentsia, argued that the movement should be based primarily on a "feminist and anti-imperialist" analysis and downgrade "squadism".[32] At the end of the conference, nine groups followed Anti-Fascist Action into the Militant Anti-Fascist Network, including the North American Anti-Racist Action branches, as well as the German groups Antifaschistische Aktion Hannover and Aktivisten-Gruppe ROTKÄPPCHEN, as well as a group from Zaragoza.[32] The international itself collapsed in 1999 as Anti-Fascist Action in Britain became essentially defunct.
As part of their wider
Early 2000s: dawning of the internet era
Two members of ARA from Las Vegas, Daniel Shersty and Lin Newborn, were killed by fascists in 1998.[34] During the 1990s, Anti-Racist Action was engaged in conflict with white supremacist revival groups, as captured in the 2000 documentary film Invisible Revolution: A Youth Subculture of Hate.[35][36]
With the rise of the
Anti-Racist Action's
According to
Late 2000s and branding as Antifa
The first group in the United States to use the term "Antifa" in its title was the Anti-Racist Action Portland branch, known as Rose City Antifa, which was refounded in 2007, according to Alexander Reid Ross, author of Against the Fascist Creep, from Portland State University.[50][51] This was inspired by the German anarcho-communist autonomists, who engaged in black bloc tactics that year in a mass protest at the 33rd G8 summit (many of the autonomists are associated with Germany's Antifa).[50] Portland Anti-Racist Action blamed neo-Nazis for the 2010 shooting of Luke Querner.[52]
While
2013 onwards: Torch Network-era
The Torch Network continued the legacy of the ARA Network.
See also
- Cop Watch
- Red and Anarchist Skinheads
- Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
- Sojourner Truth Organization
Notes
- RASH, an anti-racist skinhead organization."
References
Footnotes
- ^ a b Duncombe 2011, p. 146
- ^ a b c d Bray 2017, p. 71
- ^ Mullen 2020, p. 327
- ^ "The Lost Boys". City Pages. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "Roots of the ARA". Southern Poverty Law Center. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ a b Snyder, Matt (February 20, 2008). "Skinheads at Forty". City Pages. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Midwestern Skinheads Vow to Unite Against Their Racist Counterparts". Desert News. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 18, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ Duncombe 2011, p. 147
- ^ "Blind Approach". TC Punk. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "War of the Skinheads". Chicago Tribune. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "Skinheads". Chicago Reader. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ a b "Anti-Fascism Now". Kate Sharpely Library. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "War of the Skinheads". Chicago Tribune. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ Duncombe 2011, p. 148
- ^ Hamm 1993, p. 9
- ^ "A man of action: Mic Crenshaw". Street Roots. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "About – Fighting fascism, colonialism, and white supremacy". Fighting fascism, colonialism, and white supremacy – Anti-Racist Action-L.A./People Against Racist Terror. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ^ Berger 2006, p. 116
- ^ "'Tide' Awash in the Fight on Racism : Activism: Michael Novick's bimonthly newsletter exposes people and attitudes that he feels contribute to an atmosphere of bigotry". Los Angeles Times. May 14, 1992. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ^ Michael 2003, p. 32
- ^ Travis 2012, p. 66
- ^ a b Bray 2017, p. 71
- ^ "The Political Pre-History of Love & Rage: Anarchist struggle in the 1980s and 1990s" (PDF). AZineLibrary. September 10, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "Love & Rage Splits: The Problem of Anarchist Organization". The Anarchist Library. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "A history of North American anarchist group Love & Rage". The Anarchist Library. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "Anti-Racism". Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b "Anti-Fascists Meet in Ohio". Spunk.org. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ a b Kaplan 2002, p. 336
- ^ "Running the Fascists Out of Town: Then and Now". Briar Patch Magazine. September 10, 2018. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ a b c Rodriques, Carlos Manuel (October 1997). "B'nai B'rith Linked to 'Extremists'". The Ottawa Times. Ottawa.
- ^ Boyle, Theresa (September 9, 1994). "Eight ID'd in trashing of home". The Toronto Sun. Toronto.
- ^ a b c Bray 2017, p. 59
- ^ a b McAllister 2003, p. 113
- ^ "Death in the desert". Orlando Weekly. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Invisible Revolution: A Youth Subculture of Hate 2000". Educational Media Online Reviews. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Peterson, Beverley (September 10, 2013). "Invisible Revolution". Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Reformed skinhead endures agony to remove tattoos". Archived from the original on November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Grey Ellis, Emma (March 26, 2017). "Meet Daryle Lamont Jenkins, Insatiable Doxxer of Fascists and Nazis". Wired. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- ^ "Alumni Interview: Gerry Bello, '97". The Record. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Students keep eye on police". The Lantern. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ a b "York street fighting between neo-Nazis, anti-racists leads to 25 arrests". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Neo-Nazis, Foes Clash At Israeli Embassy". The Washington Post. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ a b "Barricada #18: Fascists, Anti-Fascists And The State by Flint, Roundhouse Collective (NEFAC-Baltimore)". A - I n f o s. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on February 17, 2004. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Bray 2017, p. 72
- ^ "US, SHUT DOWN THE NEO-NAZIS IN D.C. AUGUST 24!". A - I n f o s. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on January 27, 2004. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Support the Baltimore Anti-racist 28". Archived from the original on March 10, 2012.
- ^ "Support The Baltimore Anti-Racist 28!". Indybay. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
- ^ Bray 2017, p. 74
- ^ "Call to Action Against Neo-Nazis in Toledo! : Cleveland IMC (((i)))". Cleveland.indymedia.org. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ a b Ainsworth 2019, p. 156
- ^ Doyle 2018, p. 42
- ^ "Anti-racist group argues shooting of Portland man was a neo-Nazi attack". The Oregonian. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Bray 2017, p. 113
- ^ a b "Five charged in mob attack at Tinley Park restaurant". Chicago Tribune. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ "Inside the Underground Anti-Racist Movement That Brings the Fight to White Supremacists". Mother Jones. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "A Better Way". Southern Poverty Law Center. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ^ "5 charged in Tinley Park attack on white supremacists". ABC Chicago. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Introducing The Torch Network: An Antifascist Network". Anti-Racist Action. December 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020. Retrieved on 20 March 2018.
- ^ "New Anti-Fascist Network Formed – Introducing Torch Antifascist Network". Philly Antifa. December 20, 2013. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020. Retrieved on 20 March 2018.
- ^ "2014 Torch Conference a Success". Torch Antifa. September 15, 2014. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020. Retrieved on 20 March 2018.
Bibliography
- Ainsworth, Scott H (2019). Political Groups, Parties, and Organizations that Shaped America: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440851971.
- Berger, Dan (2006). Outlaws of America: the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity. AK Press. ISBN 1904859410.
- Bray, Mark (2017). Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook. Melville House. ISBN 978-1612197043.
- Doyle, Eamon (2018). Antifa and the Radical Left. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1534503847.
- Duncombe, Stephen (2011). White Riot: Punk Rock and the Politics of Race. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1844677993.
- Hamm, Mark S (1993). American Skinheads: The Criminology and Control of Hate Crime. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0275949877.
- Kaplan, Jeffrey S (2002). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 075911658X.
- Knouff, Matthew (2019). An Outsider's Guide to Antifa - Volume II. Luxlu. ISBN 978-1387388523.
- McAllister, Pam (2003). Death Defying: Dismantling the Execution Machinery in 21st Century U.S.A. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 082641463X.
- Michael, George (2003). Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA. Routledge. ISBN 041531500X.
- Mullen, Bill (2020). The US Antifascism Reader. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1788733526.
- O'Brien, Eileen (2001). Whites Confront Racism: Antiracists and Their Paths to Action. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742515826.
- Travis, Tiffini A. (2012). Skinheads: A Guide to an American Subculture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313359538.
- Vysotsky, Stanislav (2020). American Antifa: The Tactics, Culture, and Practice of Militant Antifascism. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0367210601.
External links
- Official website (no longer updated)