Antiphon

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the musical term. For other uses, see Antiphon (disambiguation).
psalm tones are indicated by number and ending pitch, and the pitches for the ending of the doxology are indicated by the mnemonic Euouae
.

An antiphon (

St Ambrose and they feature prominently in Ambrosian chant, but they are used widely in Gregorian chant as well. They may be used during Mass, for the Introit, the Offertory or the Communion. They may also be used in the Liturgy of the Hours, typically for Lauds or Vespers
.

They should not be confused with Marian antiphons or processional antiphons.

When a chant consists of alternating

responses
(usually sung by the congregation), a refrain is needed.

The looser term antiphony is generally used for any

psalms by alternating groups of performers.[2]
The term "antiphony" can also refer to a choir-book containing antiphons.

Origins

The chant of early Christianity through to the end of the 5th century had its root in the

Jewish liturgy believed to have entered the monasteries of Syria and Palestine in the 4th century from the Jewish communities such as the one in Antioch.[3]

Antiphons have remained an integral part of the worship in the

Gregory the Great, who are known for their contributions to the formulation of Gregorian chant, are credited with 'antiphonaries', collections of works suitable for antiphon, which are still used in the Catholic Church today.[6]

Polyphonic votive antiphons

Virgin Mary, which were sung separately from the mass and office, often after Compline.[7] Towards the end of the 15th century, English composers produced expanded settings up to nine parts, with increasing complexity and vocal range.[7] The largest collection of such antiphons is the late-15th-century Eton Choirbook.[8] As a result, antiphony remains particularly common in the Anglican musical tradition: the singers often face each other, placed in the quire's Decani and Cantoris.[9]

Greater Advent antiphons

Main article: O Antiphons
The Annunciation

The Greater Advent or O Antiphons are antiphons used at daily

German Reformation, and they continue to be sung in Lutheran churches.[13]

Polychoral antiphony

When two or more groups of singers sing in alternation, the style of music can also be called polychoral. Specifically, this term is usually applied to music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. Polychoral techniques are a definitive characteristic of the music of the Venetian school, exemplified by the works of Giovanni Gabrieli: this music is often known as the Venetian polychoral style.[14] The Venetian polychoral style was an important innovation of the late Renaissance. This style, with its variations as it spread across Europe after 1600, helped to define the beginning of the Baroque era. Polychoral music was not limited to Italy in the Renaissance; it was also popular in France with Marc-Antoine Charpentier (37 settings H.16 - H.52), in Spain and Germany. There are examples from the 19th and 20th centuries, from composers as diverse as Hector Berlioz, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, and Karlheinz Stockhausen.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ E. Foley and M. Paul, Worship music: a concise dictionary (Liturgical Press, 2000), p. 18.
  2. ^ J. McKinnon, Music in early Christian literature (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 10.
  3. ^ a b Wellesz, Egon (1954). New Oxford History of Music Vol II: Early Medieval Music up to 1300. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  4. ^ A.C. Zenos, ed., 'The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus,' book VI, chapter VIII, vol 2, p 144. In A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, P. Schaff and H. Wace, eds (Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1957).
  5. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Antiphon (in Greek Liturgy)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  6. ^ G. Wainwright, K. B. W. Tucker. The Oxford History of Christian Worship (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 244.
  7. ^ a b R. H. Fritze and W. Baxter Robison, Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485 (Greenwood, 2002), p. 363.
  8. ^ H. Benham, John Taverner: His Life and Music (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003), pp. 48–9.
  9. ^ R. Bray, 'England i, 1485–1600' in J. Haar, European Music, 1520–1640 (Boydell, 2006), p. 498.
  10. ^ A. Nocent and M. J. O'Connell, The Liturgical Year (Liturgical Press, 1977), p. 162.
  11. ^ A. Nocent and M. J. O'Connell (1977), Liturgical Year, pp. 163-80.
  12. ^ J. H. Blunt, The Annotated Book of Common Prayer: Being an Historical, Ritual, and Theological Commentary on the Devotional System of the Church of England (Rivingtons, 1866), p. 76.
  13. ^ C. B. Brown, Singing the Gospel: Lutheran Hymns and the Success of the Reformation (Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 61.
  14. ^ C. Parrish, A Treasury of Early Music: Masterworks of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque Era (Courier Dover Publications, 2000), p. 138.
  15. ^ Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Oxford University Press.

External links

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