Anthem

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Anthem (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with athame.

An anthem is a

Roman Catholic 'motet' which sets a Latin text.[1]

Etymology

Anthem is derived from the

Greek ἀντίφωνα (antíphōna) via Old English antefn. Both words originally referred to antiphons, a call-and-response style of the singing.[2]
The adjectival form is "anthemic".

History

Anthems were originally a form of

Lutheran Churches but represents an essentially English musical form.[3] Anthems may be described as "verse", "full", or "full with verse", depending on whether they are intended for soloists, the full choir, or both. Another way of describing an anthem is that it is a piece of music written specifically to fit a certain accompanying text, and it is often difficult to make any other text fit that same melodic arrangement. It also often changes melody and/or meter, frequently multiple times within a single song, and is sung straight through from start to finish, without repeating the melody for following verses like a normal song (although certain sections may be repeated when marked). An example of an anthem with multiple meter shifts, fuguing, and repeated sections is "Claremont",[4] or "Vital Spark of Heav'nly Flame".[4] Another well known example is William Billing's "Easter Anthem",[5] also known as "The Lord Is Risen Indeed!" after the opening lines. This anthem is still one of the more popular songs in the Sacred Harp tune book.[2]

The anthem developed as a replacement for the

other saints
.

Notable composers of liturgical anthems: historic context

During the

Restoration.[6] In the 18th century, famed anthems were composed by Croft, Boyce, James Kent, James Nares, Benjamin Cooke, and Samuel Arnold.[2] In the 19th century, Samuel Sebastian Wesley wrote anthems influenced by contemporary oratorio which stretch to several movements and last twenty minutes or longer. Later in the century, Charles Villiers Stanford used symphonic techniques to produce a more concise and unified structure. Many anthems have been written since then, generally by specialists in organ music rather than composers, and often in a conservative style. Major composers have usually written anthems in response to commissions and for special occasions: for instance Edward Elgar's 1912 "Great is the Lord" and 1914 "Give unto the Lord" (both with orchestral accompaniment); Benjamin Britten's 1943 "Rejoice in the Lamb" (a modern example of a multi-movement anthem, today heard mainly as a concert piece); and, on a much smaller scale, Ralph Vaughan Williams's 1952 "O Taste and See" written for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
. With the relaxation of the rule, in England at least, that anthems should only be in English, the repertoire has been greatly enhanced by the addition of many works from the Latin repertoire.

Types

The word "anthem" is commonly used to describe any celebratory song or composition for a distinct group, as in

Irresponsible Hate Anthem", Silverchair's "Anthem for the Year 2000", and Toto
's "Child's Anthem".

National anthem

Main article: National anthem

A national anthem (also state anthem, national hymn, national song, etc.) is generally a patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, and struggles of a country's people, recognized either by that state's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. The countries of Latin America, Central Asia, and Europe tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa, and the Caribbean use a simpler fanfare. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom, Russian Federation, and the former Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.

Flag anthem

"Zhōnghuá Míngúo Gúoqígē"
The Taiwanese flag anthem "
Zhōnghuá Míngúo Gúoqígē
"; formerly the flag anthem of China until 1949.
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A flag anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition that extols and praises a flag, typically one of a country, in which case it is sometimes called a national flag anthem. It is often either sung or performed during or immediately before the raising or lowering of a flag during a ceremony. Most countries use their respective national anthems or some other patriotic song for this purpose.[7] However, some countries, particularly in South America, use a separate flag anthem for such purposes. Not all countries have flag anthems. Some used them in the past but no longer do so, such as Iran, China, and South Africa. Flag anthems can be officially codified in law, or unofficially recognized by custom and convention. In some countries, the flag anthem may be just another song, and in others, it may be an official symbol of the state akin to a second national anthem, such as in Taiwan.

Sports anthem

Main article:
Sports anthem

Many

sports anthems, notably including Queen's "We Are the Champions" and "We Will Rock You", and some sporting events have their own anthems, most notably including UEFA Champions League
.

Shared anthems

Although anthems are used to distinguish states and territories, there are instances of shared anthems. "

pan-African liberation anthem and was later adopted as the national anthem of five countries in Africa including Zambia, Tanzania, Namibia and Zimbabwe after independence. Zimbabwe and Namibia have since adopted new national anthems. Since 1997, the South African national anthem has been a hybrid song combining new English lyrics with extracts of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" and the former state anthem "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika
".

For North and South Korea, the folk song Arirang is considered a shared anthem for both countries. For example, it was played when the two Koreas marched together during the 2018 Winter Olympics.[8]

"

Republic of Cyprus
.

"Forged from the Love of Liberty" was composed as the national anthem for the short-lived West Indies Federation (1958–1962) and was adopted by Trinidad and Tobago when it became independent in 1962.[10]

"Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" is the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau and was also the national anthem of Cape Verde until 1996.

"

E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua" (Hawaiʻi), and "The Prayer of Russians
".

The

Livonian people with lyrics "Min izāmō, min sindimō
" ("My Fatherland, my native land").

"

Mazurek Dąbrowskiego, which has also been the anthem of Poland since 1926, but the Yugoslav variation is much slower and more accentuated.[12]

Between 1991 and 1994 "

E scris pe tricolor Unire" shared the same melody as the national anthem of Albania "Himni i Flamurit", which is the melody of a Romanian patriotic song "Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire
".

The modern national anthem of Germany, "Das Lied der Deutschen",[a] uses the same tune as the 19th- and early 20th-century Austro-Hungarian imperial anthem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser".[b]

The "

Hymn of the Soviet Union",[c] was used until its dissolution in 1991, and was given new words and adopted by the Russian Federation in 2000 to replace an instrumental national anthem that had been introduced in 1990.[13][14]

"

Bro Goth Agan Tasow", the Cornish regional anthem, are sung to the same tune as that of the Welsh regional anthem "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau
", with similar words.

For parts of states

See also: List of regional anthems
"Marcha de Zacatecas"
The "Marcha de Zacatecas", the regional anthem of the Mexican state of Zacatecas.
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"Surudi Milli"
Tajikistan's national anthem "Surudi Milli", the tune of which was previously used in the regional anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic during that entity's existence.
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"God Save the King/Queen"
Unlike Wales, England does not have an officially-designated regional anthem. Thus, the UK's national anthem "God Save the King" (or "God Save the Queen") is typically used as a de facto regional anthem for England on occasions requiring the use of one.
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"Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi"
"Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi", the regional anthem of the Northern Mariana Islands.
"La Borinqueña"
"La Borinqueña", the regional anthem of Puerto Rico.
"Virgin Islands March"
The "Virgin Islands March", the regional anthem of the US Virgin Islands.
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"Bože pravde"
"Bože pravde", the regional anthem of Serbia when it was a part of Serbia and Montenegro. It is now the national anthem of Serbia after it became an independent country in 2006.
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Some countries, such as the former Soviet Union, Spain, and the United Kingdom, among others, are held to be unions of several "nations" by various definitions. Each of the different "nations" may have their own anthem and these songs may or may not be officially recognized; these compositions are typically referred to as regional anthems[15] though may be known by other names as well (e.g. "state songs" in the United States).

Austria

In Austria, the situation is similar to that in Germany. The regional anthem of Upper Austria, the "Hoamatgsang" (English: "Chant of the Homeland"), is notable as the only (official) German-language anthem written – and sung – entirely in dialect.

Belgium

In Belgium, Wallonia uses "Le Chant des Wallons" and Flanders uses "De Vlaamse Leeuw".

Brazil

Most of the Brazilian states have official anthems. Minas Gerais uses an adapted version of the traditional Italian song "Vieni sul mar" as its unofficial anthem. During the Vargas Era (1937–1945) all regional symbols including anthems were banned, but they were legalized again by the Eurico Gaspar Dutra government.

Canada

The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, having been the independent Dominion of Newfoundland before 1949, also has its own regional anthem from its days as a dominion and colony of the UK, the "Ode to Newfoundland". It was the only Canadian province with its own anthem until 2010, when Prince Edward Island adopted the 1908 song "The Island Hymn" as its provincial anthem.

Czechoslovakia

Czech anthem followed by one verse of the Slovak one. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic adopted its own regional anthem as its national one, whereas Slovakia
did so with slightly changed lyrics and an additional stanza.

Germany

In Germany, many of the Länder (states) have their own anthems, some of which predate the unification of Germany in 1871. A prominent example is the Hymn of Bavaria, which also has the status of an official anthem (and thus enjoys legal protection). There are also several unofficial regional anthems, like the "Badnerlied" and the "Niedersachsenlied".

India

Some of the states and union territories of India have officially adopted their own state anthem for use during state government functions.

Malaysia

All the individual states of Malaysia have their own anthems.

Mexico

In Mexico, after the national anthem was established in 1854, most of the states of the federation adopted their own regional anthems, which often emphasize heroes, virtues or particular landscapes. In particular, the regional anthem of Zacatecas, the "Marcha de Zacatecas", is one of the more well-known of Mexico's various regional anthems.[16]

Serbia and Montenegro

In 2004 and 2005 respectively, the Montenegrin and Serbian regions of Serbia and Montenegro adopted their own regional anthems. When the two regions both became independent sovereign states in mid-2006, their regional anthems became their national anthems.

Soviet Union

Main article: Anthems of the Soviet Republics

Fourteen of the fifteen

National Anthem of the Soviet Union
" from 1944 to 1990) until 1990, the last of the Soviet constituent states to do so. After the Soviet Union disbanded in the early 1990s, some of its former constituent states, now sovereign nations in their own right, retained the melodies of their old Soviet-era regional anthems until replacing them or, in some cases, still use them today.

Unlike most national anthems, few of which were composed by renowned composers, the Soviet Union's various regional anthems were composed by some of the best Soviet composers, including world-renowned Gustav Ernesaks (Estonia), Aram Khachaturian (Armenia), Otar Taktakishvili (Georgia), and Uzeyir Hajibeyov (Azerbaijan).

The lyrics present great similarities, all having mentions to Vladimir Lenin (and most, in their initial versions, to Joseph Stalin, the Armenian and Uzbek anthems being exceptions), to the guiding role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and to the brotherhood of the Soviet peoples, including a specific reference to the friendship of the Russian people (the Estonian, Georgian and Karelo-Finnish anthems were apparently an exception to this last rule).

Some of the Soviet regional anthems' melodies can be sung in the Soviet Union anthem lyrics (Ukrainian and Belarus are the most fitted in this case).

Most of these regional anthems were replaced with new national ones during or after the

new lyrics
written to it.

Like the

state terror by several countries formerly either members of or occupied by the Soviet Union. Accordingly, Latvia,[17] Lithuania,[18] Hungary,[19] and Ukraine[20][21][22] have banned those anthems amongst other things deemed to be symbols of fascism, socialism, communism, and the Soviet Union and its republics. In Poland, dissemination of items which are “media of fascist, communist, or other totalitarian symbolism” was criminalized in 1997. However, in 2011 the Constitutional Tribunal found this sanction to be unconstitutional.[23] In contrast to this treatment of the symbolism, promotion of fascist, communist and other totalitarian ideology remains illegal. Those laws do not apply to the anthems of Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan
which used the melody with different lyrics.

Spain

Main article: Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain

In Spain, the situation is similar to that in Austria and Germany. Unlike the national anthem, most of the anthems of the autonomous communities have words. All are official. Three prominent examples are "Els Segadors" of Catalonia, "Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia" of the Basque Country, and "Os Pinos" of Galicia, all written and sung in the local languages.

United Kingdom

See also: List of British anthems

The United Kingdom's national anthem is "God Save the King" but its constituent countries and Crown Dependencies also have their own equivalent songs which have varying degrees of official recognition. England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland each have anthems which are played at occasions such as sports matches and official events.[24]

The Isle of Man, a Crown dependency, uses "God Save the King" as a Royal anthem, but also has its own local anthem, "O Land of Our Birth" (Manx: "O Halloo Nyn Ghooie").

United States

Although the United States has "The Star-Spangled Banner" as its official national anthem, all except two of its constituent states and territories also have their own regional anthem (referred to by most US states as a "state song"), along with Washington, DC. The two exceptions are New Jersey, which has never had an official state song,[25] and Maryland, which rescinded "Maryland, My Maryland" in 2021 due to its racist language and has yet to adopt a replacement.[26]

The state songs are selected by each state legislature, and/or state governor, as a symbol (or emblem) of that particular US state.

Some US states have more than one official state song, and may refer to some of their official songs by other names; for example, Arkansas officially has two state songs, plus a state anthem, and a state historical song. Tennessee has the most state songs, with 12 official state songs and an official bicentennial rap.

Arizona has a song that was written specifically as a state anthem in 1915, as well as the 1981 country hit "Arizona", which it adopted as the alternate state anthem in 1982.[27]

Two individuals, Stephen Foster, and John Denver, have written or co-written two state songs. Foster's two state songs, "Old Folks at Home" (better known as "Swanee Ribber" or "Suwannee River"), adopted by Florida, and "My Old Kentucky Home" are among the best-known songs in the US On March 12, 2007, the Colorado Senate passed a resolution to make Denver's trademark 1972 hit "Rocky Mountain High" one of the state's two official state songs, sharing duties with its predecessor, "Where the Columbines Grow".[28] On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make Denver's "Take Me Home, Country Roads" one of four official state songs of West Virginia. Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014.[29] Additionally, Woody Guthrie wrote or co-wrote two state folk songs – Roll On, Columbia, Roll On and Oklahoma Hills – but they have separate status from the official state songs of Washington and Oklahoma, respectively. Other well-known state songs include "Yankee Doodle", "You Are My Sunshine", "Rocky Top", and "Home on the Range"; a number of others are popular standards, including "Oklahoma" (from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical), Hoagy Carmichael's "Georgia on My Mind", "Tennessee Waltz", "Missouri Waltz", and "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away". Many of the others are much less well-known, especially outside the state.

New Jersey has no official state song, while Virginia's previous state song, "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny", adopted in 1940,[27] was later rescinded in 1997 due to its racist language by the Virginia General Assembly.[30] In 2015, "Our Great Virginia" was made the new state song of Virginia.[31]

Iowa ("The Song of Iowa") uses the tune from the song "O Tannenbaum" as the melody to its official state song.[32]

Yugoslavia

In Yugoslavia, each of the country's constituent states (except for Bosnia and Herzegovina) had the right to have its own anthem, but only the Croatian one actually did so initially, later joined by the Slovene one on the brink of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Before 1989, Macedonia did not officially use a regional anthem, even though one was proclaimed during the World War II by the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM).

International organizations

"International anthem" redirects here. For the American record label, see International Anthem Recording Company.
See also: Anthems of international organizations

Larger entities also sometimes have anthems, in some cases known as 'international anthems'. Lullaby is the official anthem of

ASEAN Way is the official anthem of ASEAN. The tune of the "Ode to Joy" from Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is the official anthem of the European Union and of the Council of Europe. Let's All Unite and Celebrate is the official anthem of the African Union[34] ("Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together
").

The Olympic Movement also has its own

SAARC Anthem.[35]

"

unionists with the use of the Irish national anthem
. "Ireland's Call" has since been used by some other all-island bodies.

An international anthem also unifies a group of organizations sharing the same appellation such as the International Anthem of the Royal Golf Clubs composed by

Euroradio broadcast. The prelude's first bars are heavily associated with the Eurovision Song Contest
.

Global anthem

Main article: Earth anthem

Various artists have created "Earth anthems" for the entire planet, typically extolling the ideas of planetary consciousness. Though UNESCO have praised the idea of a global anthem,[37] the United Nations has never adopted an official song.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Translates from German as "The Song of the Germans".
  2. ^ Translates from German as "God save Emperor Francis".
  3. ^ Russian: Государственный гимн СССР; transliterated as Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR.

References

  1. ^ Anthem (Greek antiphōna: "against voice"; Old English antefn: "antiphon"). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g EB (1878).
  3. ^ EB (1911).
  4. ^ a b Western Massachusetts Sacred Harp Convention – Topic (11 October 2015). "Claremont". Archived from the original on 2021-11-22 – via YouTube.
  5. ^ jsalzer262 (10 May 2015). "236 Easter Anthem Sacred Harp". Archived from the original on 2021-11-22 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "The Anthem in Reformation England". Bible Odyssey. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  7. ^ "Morning Colors Ceremony Camp Pendleton 2-1-12". YouTube. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-11-22.
  8. ^ Lee, Hakyung Kate (2018-02-10). "Olympics 2018: Arirang, the folk song that unites South Korea and North Korea". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  9. ^ "Greece – Hymn to Liberty". NationalAnthems.me. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  10. ^ Understanding our national anthem, FIRST Magazine, 2012, archived from the original on 2013-09-28, retrieved 2013-03-05
  11. ^ "Estonia – Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm". NationalAnthems.me. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  12. ^ Mazurek Dąbrowskiego & Hej Slaveni. YouTube. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  13. ^ "National Anthem". Russia's State Symbols. RIA Novosti. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
  14. ^ Zolotov, Andrei (1 December 2000). "Russian Orthodox Church Approves as Putin Decides to Sing to a Soviet Tune". Christianity Today Magazine. Christianity Today International. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
  15. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  16. ^ The United States Navy Band, disc: world class marches Archived from www.navyband.navy.mil, accessed 8 October 2020
  17. ^ "BC, Riga, 16.05.2013". The Baltic course. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  18. ^ "Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols". BBC News. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  19. ^ Hungarian Criminal Code 269/B.§ (1993) “(1) A person who (a) disseminates, (b) uses in public or (c) exhibits a swastika, an SS-badge, an arrow-cross, a symbol of the sickle and hammer or a red star, or a symbol depicting any of them, commits a misdemeanor—unless a more serious crime is committed—and shall be sentenced to a criminal fine (pénzbüntetés).”
  20. ^ Ukraine Bans Soviet-Era Symbols
  21. ^ LAW OF UKRAINE. On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) regimes, and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols
  22. ^ ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного (нацистського) тоталітарних режимів в Україні та заборону пропаганди їхньої символіки tr. The Law of Ukraine About the popularization of the communal and national-social (Nazi) totalitarian regimes in Ukraine and the propagation of its symbols zakon4.rada.gov.ua, accessed 8 October 2020
  23. ^ "Nowelizacja kodeksu karnego" (in Polish). 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  24. ^ Johnson, H. (2015). MEDIANZ, 15(1), 96–118..
  25. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | NJ Facts". www.state.nj.us. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
  26. ^ "Maryland state song, which refers to Lincoln as "tyrant" and urges secession, is repealed". CBS News. 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  27. ^ a b Johnson, Roger R. (2009). "State Songs". Welcome to America. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  28. ^ "Official State Song". Retrieved April 16, 2009.
  29. ^ "Colorado State Song Rocky Mountain High composed by John Denver". www.netstate.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  30. ^ "Official State Song of the Commonwealth of Virginia". 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-04-29. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  31. ^ "Listen: Virginia Now Has 2 State Songs". 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  32. ^ "Maryland, my meh song" Archived 2018-06-13 at the Wayback Machine, The Baltimore Sun, Baltimore, 15 March 2016. Retrieved on 05 June 2017.
  33. ^ A musical call to action: ‘Lullaby: The UNICEF Anthem’ Archived 2021-05-13 at the Wayback Machine UNICEF Website, 19 November 2009
  34. ^ AU Symbols Archived 2005-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ Indian poet-diplomat pens S.Asian anthem after Earth anthem success Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine ANI, 27 November 2013
  36. ^ "Eurovision anthem contest for EBU's 70th anniversary". eurovision.tv. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
  37. ^ UNESCO finds Indian poet-diplomat's idea of an Earth Anthem inspiring Business Standard, 27 February 2014

Bibliography

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