Ara (bird)

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Ara
green-winged macaw (right) at Jurong Bird Park
, Singapore
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Tribe: Arini
Genus: Ara
Lacépède, 1799
Type species
Ara macao (scarlet macaw)
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text

Ara is a

extinct species.[1] The genus name was coined by French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. It gives its name to and is part of the Arini, or tribe of Neotropical parrots. The genus name Ara is derived from the Tupi word ará, an onomatopoeia
of the sound a macaw makes.

The Ara macaws are large striking parrots with long tails, long narrow wings and vividly coloured

bird smuggling
is a threat to several species.

Taxonomy

The genus Ara was erected by the French naturalist

monotypic
and are morphologically and behaviourally different, whereas the three Primolius macaws are green and smaller.

Brookfield Zoo
, USA

There are eight surviving species, two extinct species that died out during modern times, and a third extinct species known only from

subfossil remains.[1] The last confirmed sighting of the extinct Cuban macaw was in 1864 when one was shot. Several skins of the Cuban macaw are preserved in museums, but none of its eggs have survived.[6]

Several

hypothetical extinct species
of the genus Ara have been postulated based on very little evidence. They may have been distinct species, or familiar parrots that were imported onto an island and later presumed to have a separate identity.

Morphology and appearance

Like the rest of the genus the wings of the blue-and-yellow macaw are long, as is the tail

The Ara macaws are large parrots ranging from 46–51 cm (18–20 in) in length and 285 to 287 

green-winged macaw
have a predominantly horn coloured upper mandible and a black lower one.

The colours in the plumage of the Ara macaws are spectacular. Four species are predominantly green, two species are mostly blue and yellow, and three species (including the extinct Cuban macaw) are mostly red. There is no sexual dimorphism in the plumage, and the plumage of the juveniles is similar to adults, although slightly duller in some species.[7]

Distribution and habitat

green-winged macaws flying in Peru

The Ara macaws have a

extirpated from Trinidad in the 1960s[8] (but was later reintroduced),[9]
and several hypothetical species apparently became extinct in the islands of the Caribbean.

The Ara macaws are generally fairly adaptable in their habitat requirements; this reaches its extreme in the scarlet macaw, which as suggested in its widespread distribution, uses most habitat types from humid

savannah. The only requirement is sufficient large trees, which is where they obtain their food and breeding holes. The other species are slightly more narrow in their habitat choices, but the need for large trees is universal. The blue-throated macaw generally inhabits forest "islands" in the savanna, and the red-fronted macaw prefers arid scrub and cactus
woodland.

Within their range, birds may travel widely seasonally in search of food. They do not undertake large scale migrations, but instead more local movements amongst a range of different habitats.

Feeding and diet

Chestnut-fronted macaws, mealy amazons, and dusky-headed parakeets at a clay lick in Ecuador

Like all macaws and most parrots,

green-winged macaws in Venezuela they shared many of the same trees as bearded sakis, although in some cases they ate the seeds at an earlier stage of ripeness than the sakis, when they contained more poison.[10] Macaws, like other parrots, may consume clay to absorb toxic compounds produced by some poisons.[11] As well, the toxic compounds of some foods may be neutralized by compounds, such as tannins
, found in other foods consumed at the same time.

Breeding

Like almost all parrots, the Ara macaws are cavity

green-winged macaw will also nest in natural fissures in cliffs. This nesting habitat is the only one used by the red-fronted macaws, as large enough trees are absent in its arid range.[13]

Species

Ara
Common and binomial names[1] Image Description Range[14]
Great green macaw
or Buffon's macaw
(Ara ambiguus)
85–90 cm (33–36 in) long. Mostly green, red on forehead, green and blue wings[15] Central and South America, from Honduras to Ecuador
Blue-and-yellow macaw
or blue-and-gold macaw
(Ara ararauna)
80–90 cm (31.5–35.5 in) long. Mostly blue back and yellow front. Blue chin and green forehead. The upper zone of the bare white skin around each eye extending to the beak is patterned by lines of small dark feathers.
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Green-winged macaw

or red-and-green macaw
(Ara chloropterus)
90 cm (36 in) long. Mostly red, with blue and green wings. The bare white skin around each eye extending to the bill is patterned by lines of small red feathers. South America, from Colombia through to northern Paraguay (formerly northern Argentina)
Blue-throated macaw
(Ara glaucogularis)
75–85 cm (30–34 in) long. Blue upperparts and mostly yellow lowerparts, blue throat. Areas of pale skin on the sides of the face are covered with lines of small dark-blue feathers, with pinkish bare skin at the base of the beak.[16] North Bolivia
Scarlet macaw
(Ara macao)
81–96 cm (32–36 in) long. Mostly bright red, with red, yellow and blue in the wings. There is bare white skin around the each eye extending to the bill. Mexico to Colombia and the Amazon Basin.
Military macaw
(Ara militaris)
70 cm (28 in) long. Mostly green, red forehead[17] Discontinuous distribution in Mexico and along the Andes from Venezuela to north Argentina.
Red-fronted macaw
(Ara rubrogenys)
55–60 cm (21.5–23.5 in) long. Mostly green. red forehead and red patch over the ears, pinkish skin on the face, red at bend of wings, blue primary wing feathers[18] Central Bolivia
Chestnut-fronted macaw
or severe macaw
(Ara severus)
46 cm (18 in) long. Mostly green, chestnut forehead, red at bend of wings Panama and South America in the
Chocó
and Amazon Basin
†Cuban macaw
(Ara tricolor)
Extinct ca. 1885
50 cm (20 in) long. Red forehead fading to orange and then to yellow at the nape of the neck, dark brown bill paler at the tip; orange face, chin, chest, abdomen and thighs; upper back mainly brownish red, and the rump and lower back blue; brown, red and purplish-blue wing feathers; upper surface of the tail was dark red fading to blue at the tip, and brownish red underneath.[19] Extinct - formerly endemic on Cuba and probably also on Isla de la Juventud (previously called the Isle of Pines).[19]
†St. Croix macaw
(Ara autocthones)
Extinct
Only known from sub-fossil bones found at two archeological sites.[20] Extinct - Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and central Puerto Rico

Hypothetical extinct Ara

An oil painting depicting a red-feathered parrot with yellow wing tips; a large, ungainly, duck-like bird with grey, white and yellow feathers; a parrot with a black back, yellow breast and a yellow and black tail; and a brown-feathered bird with a long bill eating a frog.
"Edwards' Dodo", a 1626 painting by Roelant Savery, possibly showing the Lesser Antillean macaw on the left, and Martinique macaw on the right

Macaws are known to have been transported between the

Saint Croix macaw (Ara autochthones) is only known from subfossils, and the Lesser Antillean macaw (Ara guadeloupensis) is known from subfossils and reports.[21][23] No endemic Caribbean macaws remain today, and they were likely all driven to extinction by humans, some in historic, and others in prehistoric times.[24]

In addition to the three species known from remains, several hypothetical extinct Ara macaws were only based on contemporary accounts, but are considered dubious today. Many of these were named by

Walter Rothschild in the early 20th century, who had a tendency to name species based on little tangible evidence.[6] Among others, the red-headed macaw (Ara erythrocephala) and Jamaican red macaw (Ara gossei) were named for accounts of macaws on Jamaica, the Martinique macaw (Ara martinicus) was from Martinique, and the Dominican green-and-yellow macaw (Ara atwoodi) was supposed to come from Dominica.[25]

Other species have been mentioned as well, but many never received

junior synonyms of other species.[26] Woods and Steadman defended the validity of most named Caribbean macaw species, and believed each Greater and Lesser Antillean island had their own endemic species.[24] Olson and Maíz doubted the validity of all the hypothetical macaws, but suggested that the island of Hispaniola would be the most likely place for another macaw species to have existed, due to the large land area, though no descriptions or remains of such are known. They suggested such a species could have been driven to extinction prior to the arrival of Europeans.[21] The identity and distribution of indigenous macaws in the Caribbean is only likely to be further resolved through palaeontological discoveries and examination of contemporary reports and artwork.[27][28]

Hypothetical extinct species
Common and binomial names Image Description Range[25]
†
Jamaican green-and-yellow macaw

or red-headed green macaw
(Ara erythrocephala)
Extinct
Length unknown. Red head, bright green body, blue wings and blue greater coverts. Scarlet tail and blue on top, and the tail and wings were intense orange-yellow underneath.[29] Jamaica
†Jamaican red macaw
or Gosse's macaw
(Ara gossei)
Extinct
Length unknown. Similar to the Cuban red macaw, but with a yellow forehead.[30] Jamaica
†Martinique macaw
(Ara martinicus)
Extinct
Length unknown. Blue with an orange-yellow chest.[31] Martinique
†Dominican green-and-yellow macaw
(Ara atwoodi)
Extinct
Length unknown. Green, yellow and red. Dominica
†Lesser Antillean macaw
or Guadeloupe macaw
(Ara guadeloupensis)
Extinct
Not known if it existed. Tail feathers 15–20 inches long. Similar colour as the scarlet macaw, but smaller with an entirely red tail. Known from descriptions and possibly paintings and subfossils. Guadeloupe

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.004)". www.zoonomen.net. 2008-07-05.
  2. ^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 1. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
  3. ^ Ridgway, Robert (1916). "Genus Ara (Lacépède)". The Birds of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Volume 50, Part 7. Washington. p. 119.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 180.
  5. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-670-81787-0
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7153-7698-0
    .
  8. doi:10.1017/S0959270901000211
    .
  9. ^ Plair, B.L., Lal, M., Ramadhar, A., and Ramsubage, S. 2013. Status of Blue-and-yellow Macaws Ara ararauna Reintroduced to the Nariva Swamp, Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2013, 19-28.
  10. S2CID 44060902
    .
  11. S2CID 4404459
    .
  12. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
    , pp. 420-425
  13. ^ Lanning, D (1991). "Distribution and breeding biology of the Red-fronted Macaw" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 103 (3): 357–365.
  14. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
    pp.420-425
  15. ^ "Species factsheet: Ara ambiguus". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  16. ^ "Species factsheet: Ara glaucogularis". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  17. ^ "Species factsheet: Ara militaris". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  18. ^ "Species factsheet: Ara rubrogenys". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  19. ^
    ISBN 978-0-670-81787-0
    .
  20. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Edgar J. Máiz López (2008). "New evidence of Ara autochthones from an archeological site in Puerto Rico: a valid species of West Indian macaw of unknown geographical origin (Aves: Psittacidae)" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 44 (2): 215–222.
  21. ^
    S2CID 54593515. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
  22. doi:10.3366/anh.2010.0016
    .
  23. S2CID 18597644
    .
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2014-02-07.
  25. ^ a b Rothschild, W. (1907). Extinct Birds (PDF). London: Hutchinson & Co.
  26. ISBN 978-1408157251
    .
  27. ^ Wiley, J. W.; Kirwan, G. M. (2013). "The extinct macaws of the West Indies, with special reference to Cuban Macaw Ara tricolor". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 133: 125–156.
  28. S2CID 87386694
    .
  29. ^ "Species factsheet: Ara erythrocephala". The Extinction Website (2008). Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
  30. ^ "Species factsheet: Ara gossei". The Extinction Website (2008). Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
  31. ^ "Species factsheet: Ara martinica". The Extinction Website (2008). Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ara.
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