Bali Kingdom

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Kingdom of Bali
Indonesian:Kerajaan Bali
Balinese:᭚ᬓᭂᬭᬚ᭡ᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ
Kĕrajaan Bali
Kawi/Old Javanese:ꦌꦫꦗꦴꦤ꧀ ꦄꦭꦶ
Krājaan Bali
Sanskrit:बली राज्यं
Bālī rājyaṁ
914–1908
Flag of Bali
Flag
A merchant flag attributed to Bali, shown in European sources from the 18th century, also with six stripes[1]
Anthem: ᬩᬮᬶ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬶᬧ ᬚᬬ!
"Bali Dwipa Jaya!"
("Glorious Bali Island!")
The maximum extent of Balinese Kingdom of Gelgel in the mid-16th century. The territory covers Blambangan (Banyuwangi) to the western part of Sumbawa.
The maximum extent of Balinese Kingdom of Gelgel in the mid-16th century. The territory covers Blambangan (Banyuwangi) to the western part of Sumbawa.
StatusSovereign state
(914-1343)
vassal state of the Majapahit Empire
(1343-1512)
Nine Kingdoms period (1512-1908)
Capital
  • Bedulu (Warmadewa period)
  • Samprangan (Majapahit period)
  • Gelgel (Gelgel period)
  • Klungkung
    (Nine Kingdoms period)
Common languages
Kawi and Sanskrit
(religious)
Regional
  • Loloanese
Religion
State religion:
Hinduism
Minority:
Mahāyāna Budhism
Demonym(s)Balinese, Balinar
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Raja, Arya, Maharaja, Dalem, Dewa Agung 
• c. 914 (first)
Śrī Kesarī Warmadewa
• c. late 10th century
Udayana Warmadewa (Udayana the Great)
• c. early 11th century
Anak Wungçu
• c. 1180
Jayapangus
• c. 1343
Aŕ‌‌ya Kénceng
• c. 1520-1558
Dalém Baturénggong
• c. 1903-1908 (last)
Dewa Agung Jambé II
History 
• 
Klungkung
April 18, 1908
CurrencyNative silver coins and Chinese kepeng coins (pis bolong)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Prehistoric Indonesia
Mataram Kingdom
Majapahit
Dutch East Indies
Bali and Lombok Residency
Today part ofIndonesia
∟ Bali
∟ East Java
∟ West Nusa Tenggara

The Kingdomship of Bali (

Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from the early 10th to early 20th centuries, Balinese kingdoms demonstrated sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences—adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary—flourished, enriched and shaped Balinese culture
.

Because of its proximity and close cultural relations with the neighbouring island of

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar describes as the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation. The Bali Kingdom in the following centuries expanded its influence to neighboring islands and began to establish a Colony, Gelgel Kingdom Bali for example expanded their influence and established a colony in the Blambangan region at the eastern tip of Java to the western part of the Sumbawa island, while Karangasem Kingdom established their colonial settlements in western parts of Lombok, then the Klungkung kingdom conquered of Nusa Penida
in the later period.

Since the mid-19th century, the colonial state of the

Republic of Indonesia
.

History

Prehistory

Bali has been inhabited by humans since

Austronesian languages. The Bronze Age
period followed, from around 600 BCE to 800 CE.

Early kingdom

Main article: Warmadewa dynasty
Stupika which contains Buddhist votive tablets, 8th-century Bali. The bell-shaped stupas are similar to Central Javanese Buddhist art.

The historical period in Bali started in c. 8th century, marked by the discovery of inscribed Buddhist

Sailendra
link to Buddhist pilgrims or inhabitants in the early history of Bali.

The Belanjong pillar in Sanur (914), one of the earliest inscription in Bali

In the early 10th century, a king called

Saka calendar. Three other inscriptions by Kesari are known in central Bali, which suggest conflict in the mountainous interior of the island. Sri Kesari is the first known ruler to bear the Warmadewa
title, which was used by rulers for several generations before Javanese expansion.

It is not known precisely where the capital of the kingdom was during the 10th and 11th centuries, but the political, religious, and cultural centre of the kingdom may have been in the present-day

Shivaite
iconography. Several carvings of stupas, stupikas (small stupas), and images of Boddhisattvas suggest that the Warmadewa dynasty was a patron of Mahayana Buddhism. Nevertheless, Hinduism was also practised in Bali during this period.

Javanese ties

Further information: Mataram Kingdom and Kahuripan
Gunung Kawi rock-cut candi shrines demonstrate similar temple style of Java during the late Mataram period.

In the second half of the 10th century, Bali was ruled by King

the Isyana dynasty from East Java. Mahendradatta was the daughter of King Sri Makutawangsawarddhana and sister of King Dharmawangsa of Mataram Kingdom. The presence of a Javanese queen in the Balinese court suggests that either Bali had allied with East Java, or Bali was Java's vassal; their marriage was a political arrangement to seal Bali as part of the East Javanese Mataram realm. The royal Balinese couple was the parents of the famous king of Java, Airlangga (1001–late 1040s). Airlangga's younger brothers Marakata and later Anak Wungçu
rose to the Balinese throne.

The rock-cut candi shrine of Gunung Kawi in Tampaksiring was made around the same period. It demonstrates a similar temple style of Java during the late Mataram period. The Warmadewa dynasty continued to rule Bali well until the 12th century with the reigns of Jayasakti (1146–50) and Jayapangus (1178–81). Contacts with imperial China were also important during this period. Chinese coins called kepeng were widely in use in the Balinese economy. In the 12th century, King Jayapangus of northern Bali is known to have married a Chinese princess and has been immortalised through the Barong Landung art form as the effigy of the king and his Chinese consort.

After the Warmadewa dynasty, their descendant, and their link to the Javanese court, there is no continuous further detailed information found about the rulers of Bali. It seems that Bali had developed a new native dynasty quite independent from Java.

In the late 13th century, Bali once again appeared in Javanese sources. In 1284, the Javanese king

Kertanegara launched a military offensive expedition against the Balinese ruler. According to the Javanese chronicle Deśavarṇana: "In Śaka 'bodies-sky-suns' (1206, AD 1284) he then sent emissaries to Bali to crush it, and before long its queen was overcome and duly brought as captive before the King" (42.1).[5] This expedition seems to have integrated Bali into Singhasari
’s realm. However, after the Jayakatwang rebellion of Gelang-gelang in 1292 that led to the death of Kertanegara and the fall of Singhasari, Java was unable to assert their rule upon Bali, and once again Balinese rulers enjoyed their independence from Java.

The Javanese contacts led to a deep impact on the language of Bali which was impacted by the

Kawi language, a style of Old Javanese. The language is still used in Bali though is rare.[6][7]

Majapahit period

Further information: Majapahit
Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrates the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.
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In East Java, Majapahit under the reign of queen regnant Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and her able and ambitious Prime Minister Gajah Mada, saw the expansion of Majapahit armada into neighbouring islands in Indonesian archipelago including nearby Bali. According to Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342 Majapahit troops led by Gajah Mada assisted by his general Arya Damar, the regent of Palembang, landed in Bali. After seven months of battles, Majapahit forces defeated the Balinese king in Bedulu (Bedahulu) in 1343. After the conquest of Bali, Majapahit distributed the governing authority of Bali among Arya Damar's younger brothers; Arya Kenceng, Arya Kutawandira, Arya Sentong and Arya Belog. Arya Kenceng led his brothers to govern Bali under Majapahit banner, he would become the ancestor of Balinese kings of Tabanan and Badung royal houses.

Canto 14 of the Nagarakretagama, composed during the reign of Hayam Wuruk in 1365, mentioned several places in Bali; Bedahulu and Lwa Gajah (identified as Goa Gajah) as places under Majapahit dominion. The Majapahit capital in Bali was established at Samprangan and later Gelgel. Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit entered a steady period of decline with conflict over succession, among other was Regreg war (1404 to 1406).[8]

In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against King Singhawikramawardhana and captured Trowulan. The usurped king moved the capital further inland to Daha (the former capital of Kadiri), effectively split Majapahit into two centres of powers; Trowulan and Daha. Singhawikramawardhana was succeeded by his son Ranawijaya in 1474, that ruled from Daha. To keep Majapahit influence and economic interest, Kertabhumi awarded Muslim merchant trading rights on the north coast of Java, an action which led to the prominence of Demak Sultanate in following decades. This policy increased Majapahit economy and influence, but weaken Hindu - Buddha's position as the main religion, as Islam began to spread faster and freely in Java. Hindu - Buddha followers' grievance later urged Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi.

In 1478, Ranawijaya's army under general Udara breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace,

Sultanate of Demak and Daha, since Demak ruler, Raden Patah
, were the descendant of Kertabhumi.

In 1498, vice regent Udara usurped Girindrawardhana and the war between Demak and Daha recede. But this delicate balance end when Udara ask help to Portugal in Malacca and led Adipati Yunus of Demak to attack both Malacca and Daha.[12] Another theory suggested that the reasons for the Demak's attacks against Majapahit was a revenge against Girindrawardhana, who had defeated Adipati Yunus' grandfather Prabu Bhre Kertabumi (Prabu Brawijaya V).[13] The defeat of Daha under Demak marked the end of Hindu Majapahit era in Java. After the fall of the empire, many Majapahit nobles, artisans and priests took refuge either in the interior mountainous region of East Java, Blambangan in eastern end of Java, or across the narrow strait to Bali. The refugees probably fled to avoid Demak's retribution for their support for Ranawijaya against Kertabhumi.

The Javanese Majapahit empire influenced Bali both culturally and politically. The whole court of Majapahit fled to Bali following the conquest by the Muslim rulers in 1478, in effect resulting in the transfer of the whole culture. Bali was looked on as the continuation of the Hindu Javanese culture and is the major source of knowledge about it in the modern times.

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar states that Bali "soon became the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation."[16]

Kingdom of Gelgel

Main article: Gelgel, Indonesia
The gate in Gelgel, the old royal capital of Bali

According to the

Gianyar regency, close to the old royal centre Bedulu. This event took place in the mid-14th century. The first Samprangan ruler Sri Aji Kresna Kepakisan sired three sons. Of these the eldest, Dalem Samprangan, succeeded to the rulership but turned out to be an incompetent ruler. His youngest brother Dalem Ketut founded a new royal seat in Gelgel while Samprangan lapsed in obscurity.[17]

The first European contact with Bali was made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by

Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sailed from Portuguese Malacca and reached northern coast of Bali. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues.[18]
In Majapahit, East Java, the fall of Daha to Demak Sultanate in 1527 has prompted the refuge of Hindu nobles, priests and artisans to Bali. In 1585, the Portuguese government in Malacca sent a ship to establish a fort and a trading post in Bali, but the mission failed as ship foundered on the reef of the
Bukit peninsula
.

By the 16th century, the Puri (Balinese court) of Gelgel become a powerful polity in the region. The successor of Dewa Ketut,

Blambangan on easternmost Java, were united under Gelgel's suzerainty. Gelgel's influence over the still Hindu Blambangan seems to caught the attention the Sultan of Mataram that aspired to unite the whole of Java and also to spread Islamic faith. In 1639 Mataram launched an invasion to Blambangan.[19] Kingdom of Gelgel immediately supported Blambangan as a buffer against the Islamic expansion of Muslim Mataram. Blambangan surrendered in 1639, but quickly regained their independence and rejoined Bali soon after the Mataram troops withdrew.[20]
Mataram Sultanate itself, after the death of Sultan Agung, seems to preoccupied in their internal problems, and lost interest to continue their campaign and pursue hostilities against Blambangan and Gelgel.

The nine kingdoms of Bali

Map of Balinese nine kingdoms, circa 1900

After 1651 the Gelgel kingdom began to break up due to internal conflicts. In 1686 a new royal seat was established in

Kabupaten
(regencies) of Bali.

In following centuries, the various kingdoms fought a succession of incessant wars among themselves, although they accorded the Dewa Agung a symbolic paramount status of Bali. This led to complicated relations amongst Balinese rulers, as there are many kings in Bali. This situation lasted until the coming of the Dutch in the 19th century.

Foreign intervention

Main articles:
Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1849), Dutch intervention in Bali (1906), and Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)
Buleleng
killing himself with 400 followers, in an 1849 puputan against the Dutch

Although European contact had been made since 1512 and later in 1585 by the Portuguese fleet, no real presence of European power was felt in Bali as the Balinese kingdoms continued their way of life preserved since the Hindu Majapahit era. In 1597, Dutch ships with

slave
trade.

Klungkung
in 1908

However, the Dutch indifference to Bali totally changed in the 19th century, as

Jembrana.[21]

In 1894, the Dutch used the

Gianyar
also accepted Dutch suzerainty, but southern Bali kept resisting.

In 1906 the Dutch launched a

Klungkung, under the pretext of securing their opium monopoly. This event concluded the Dutch conquest over Bali, and by then it had become a Dutch protectorate.[23] Although some members of Balinese royalties still survived, the Dutch had completely dismantled the royal institutions of Bali, destroyed the power and authority of Balinese kings and thus ended centuries of Balinese kingdoms' rule. During the Dutch East Indies period, the colonial capital of Bali and Lesser Sunda Islands was located in Singaraja
on the northern coast.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Indonesia stati 2".
  2. ^ a b c Bali Museum notice
  3. ^ Archaeology: Indonesian perspective Truman Simanjuntak p. 163
  4. ^ A.J. Bernet Kempers (1991) Monumental Bali: Introduction to Balinese Archaeology & Guide to the Monuments. Berkeley, Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 35-36 [1]
  5. ^ Stuart Robson (transl.) (1995) Deśawarṇana (Nãgarakṛtagãma) by Mpu Prapanca. (Leiden: KITLV Press), p. 55
  6. ^ a b Mary Sabine Zurbuchen. The Language of Balinese Shadow Theater. Princeton University Press. p. 18.
  7. ^ Mary S. Zurbuchen. Introduction to Old Javanese Language and Literature: A Kawi Prose Anthology. Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan. p. 3.
  8. ISBN 9780804721950
    .
  9. ^ Pararaton, p. 40, " .... bhre Kertabhumi ..... bhre prabhu sang mokta ring kadaton i saka sunyanora-yuganing-wong, 1400".
  10. ^ See also: Hasan Djafar, Girindrawardhana, 1978, p. 50.
  11. ^ Poesponegoro & Notosusanto (1990), pp. 448–451.
  12. ^ MB. Rahimsyah. Legenda dan Sejarah Lengkap Walisongo. (Amanah, Surabaya, tth)
  13. ^ Marwati Djoenoed Poesponegoro dan Nugroho Notosusanto. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia. Jilid II. Cetakan V. (PN. Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1984)
  14. ^ Chris Sugden. Seeking the Asian Face of Jesus: A Critical and Comparative Study of the Practice and Theology of Christian Social Witness in Indonesia and India Between 1974 and 1996 with Special Reference to the Work of Wayan Mastra in the Protestant Christian Church of Bali and of Vinay Samuel in the Church of South India. Oxford Centre for Mission Studies. p. 21.
  15. ^ Robyn J. Maxwell. Sari to Sarong: Five Hundred Years of Indian and Indonesian Textile Exchange. National Gallery of Australia. p. 26.
  16. ^ Rajesh Chandra Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire. Allen & Unwin. p. 755.
  17. ^ I Wayan Warna et al. (1986), Babad Dalem; Teks dan terjemahan. Denpasar: Dinas Pendidkan dan Kebudayaan Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali.
  18. ^ Cortesão, Jaime (1975). Esparsos, Volume III. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral. p. 288. "...passing the island of 'Balle', on whose heights the nau Sabaia, of Francisco Serrão, was lost. .." - from Antonio de Abreu, and in João de Barros and Antonio Galvão (Décadas da Ásia). [2]
  19. ^ "Mataram, Historical kingdom, Indonesia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  20. ^ Soekmono. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 3. Kanisius. p. 62.
  21. ^ Barski, p.48
  22. ^ The rough guide to Bali & Lombok by Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.298
  23. ^ Bali and Lombok Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.496

References

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