Samudera Pasai Sultanate

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Malay historical kingdom. For the town in Burma, see
Pasai, Burma. For the settlement in Brunei, see Kampong Pasai. For the city in the Philippines, see Pasay
.

Samudera Pasai Sultanate
كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي‎
1267–1524
Malik ul Salih
(founder)
• 1514–1517
Zainal Abidin IV (last)
History 
• Foundation
1267
• Portuguese invasion
1521
1524
CurrencyDirham coins
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Peureulak Sultanate
Aceh Sultanate
Today part ofIndonesia
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The Samudera Pasai Sultanate (Malay: كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي‎), also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem, was a Muslim kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries.

Little evidence has been left to allow for historical study of the kingdom.

Malik ul Salih, in the year 1267 CE.[2] After the 1521 Portuguese invasion, the garrison evacuated Pasai in 1524 and the first Sultan of Aceh, Ali Mughayat Syah, annexed the territory
.

Etymology

Based on the fourteenth century chronicle Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, 'Samudera' can be inferred to have come from the word "Semudera" ([səmudəra]), which meant 'a very large ant'.[3] The name was given by Merah Silu when he discovered an ant as large as a cat while hunting at a 'high ground'.[3] Eventually, the place was cleared for the establishment of a new state and 'Semudera' was adopted as its name.[3]

'Samudera' is also thought to be derived from the Sanskrit word Samudra, which means "ocean."

Literature also indicates the origin of the name 'Pasai' which came from Si-Pasai, the hunting dog of

Sultan Malik al Salleh, who was Merah Silu after his conversion to Islam.[3][4] The legend narrates that Malik, while hunting with the dog, encountered a deer which was not afraid of the dog's barking but instead barked back. He was bewildered by this and thought that this might be a good sign for the place to be established as a new state for his son, Malik Al Tahir.[4] The dog died soon after the kingdom was founded, and Malik chose to bury him there, naming the kingdom Pasai after him.[4]

In the 14th century, the Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the name Sumoltra for Samudra, and subsequent European writers also used similar forms of the name to refer to the Sumatra island itself.[5][6]

History

The earliest inscription found during this period is the tombstone of Ibnu Mahmud in Leubok Tuwe, Meurah Mulia,

Dhul Hijjah 622 Hijri or 1226 CE. The inscription mentioned that Ibn Mahmud was a shahid.[7]

Arabic. By the 15th century several harbour kingdoms developed, all ruled by local Muslim princes, from the north coast of Java and elsewhere to as far east as Ternate and Tidore in Maluku. Marco Polo spent five months here, he had Ferlec, Basma, and Samara (Samudera) mentioned in his travel story. Another famous traveller Ibn Battuta on his way to China stayed 15 days at Samudera.[8]

Malik al-Salih tombstone

The establishment of the first Muslim centres in Indonesia was probably a result of commercial circumstances. By the 13th century the collapse of Srivijayan power, drew foreign traders to harbours on the northern Sumatran shores of the Bay of Bengal, safe from the pirate lairs at the southern end of the Strait of Malacca. Northern Sumatra had a hinterland rich in gold and forest produce, and pepper was being cultivated at the beginning of the 15th century. It was accessible to all the merchants of the archipelago who wanted to meet ships from the Indian Ocean.

his voyage
to Pasai.

In the year 1345,

madh'hab he observed was Imam Al-Shafi'i. At that time Samudera Pasai was the end of Dar al-Islam for no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim ruler. He praised the kindness and hospitality demonstrated by the sultan of Samudera Pasai. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of sultan's own junks to China.[10]

The Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming dynasty listed Samudera in his admonition the Huang-Ming Zuxun as one of 14 countries which the Ming should not launch a military campaign against.[11] By the end of the 14th century, Samudra-Pasai had become a wealthy commercial centre, giving way in the early 15th century to the better protected harbour of Malacca on the south-west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Majapahit attacked and looted the place in the middle of the 14th century.[12]

Pasai's economic and political power depended almost entirely on foreigners. Muslim traders and teachers probably participated in its administration from the beginning and were bound to introduce religious practices that made them feel at home. The first Muslim beachheads in Indonesia, especially Pasai, were to a considerable extent genuine Muslim creations that commanded the loyalty of the local population and encouraged scholarly activities. Similar new harbour kingdoms formed on the northern coast of Java.

Gresik. These Javanese coastal states served commerce with India and China and especially with Malacca, an importer of Javanese rice
. The rulers of Malacca, despite their prestigious Srivijayan origin, accepted Islam precisely to attract Muslim and Javanese traders to their port.

The Portuguese occupied Pasai in 1521, 10 years after their conquest of Malacca. Through the Portuguese, the place become known in Europe as Pacem.[13] The Portuguese garrison evacuated Pasai in 1524 and the first Sultan of Aceh, Ali Mughayat Syah, annexed the territory.[14]

List of rulers

These are the list of rulers who ruled the Samudera Pasai Sultanate:[15]

No. Period Name of Sultan or Gelar Notes and important historical events
1 1267–1297 Sultan Malikussaleh (Meurah Silu) Founder of Samudra Pasai kingdom
2 1297–1326 Sultan Al-Malik azh-Zhahir I / Muhammad I Introduced gold coins
3 1326–133? Sultan Ahmad I Attacked the Karang Baru Kingdom, Tamiang
4 133?–1349 Sultan Al-Malik azh-Zhahir II Visited by
Ibnu Batutah
5 1349–1406 Sultan Zainal Abidin I Attacked by Majapahit
6 1406–1428 Ratu Nahrasyiyah [id] Glory period of Samudra Pasai
7 1428–1438 Sultan Zainal Abidin II
8 1438–1462 Sultan Shalahuddin
9 1462–1464 Sultan Ahmad II
10 1464–1466 Sultan Abu Zaid Ahmad III
11 1466–1466 Sultan Ahmad IV
12 1466–1468 Sultan Mahmud
13 1468–1474 Sultan Zainal Abidin III Toppled by his brother
14 1474–1495 Sultan Muhammad Syah II
15 1495–1495 Sultan Al-Kamil
16 1495–1506 Sultan Adlullah
17 1506–1507 Sultan Muhammad Syah III Has two tombs
18 1507–1509 Sultan Abdullah
19 1509–1514 Sultan Ahmad V Capture of Malacca (1511)
20 1514–1517 Sultan Zainal Abidin IV

Family tree

Family tree of Samudera Pasai Monarchs[16][17]
Al-Malik
Al-Salih
(1)
r. 1267–1297
Al-Malik
Al-Zahir I
Muhammad I
(2)
r. 1297–1326		♀ PrincessRaja Kadah
Ahmad I
(3)
r. 1326–1330		♀ PrincessRaja Khan
AhmadZainal
Abidin I
(5)
r. 1349–1406		Al-Malik
Al-Zahir II
(4)
r. 1330–1349
Zainal
Abidin II
(7)
r. 1428–1438		♀
Nahrasyiyah
(6)
r. 1406–1428
Salahuddin
(8)
r. 1438–1462		MansurAhmad II
(9)
r. 1462–1464		Ahmad III
(10)
r. 1464–1466		Ahmad IV
(11)
r. 1466–1466		Mahmud
(12)
r. 1466–1468
Al-Kamil
(15)
r. 1495–1495		Adlullah
(16)
r. 1495–1506		Zainal
Abidin III
(13)
r. 1468–1474		Muhammad
Syah II
(14)
r. 1474–1495		Muhammad
Syah III
(17)
r. 1506–1507		Abdullah
(18)
r. 1507–1509		Zainal
Abidin IV
(20)
r. 1514–1517
Ahmad V
(19)
r. 1509–1514

Historical heritage

The discovery of the tomb of Sultan Malik as-Saleh (696 H or 1267 AD), was referred to by historians as a sign that Islam had entered the Archipelago around the 13th century. Although there is an opinion that the possibility of Islam has come earlier than that. The story of the Pasai Kings is indeed full of myths and legends but the description of the story has helped in uncovering the dark side of history of the existence of this kingdom. The kingdom's past glory has inspired its people to re-use the name of the founder of this kingdom for the University of Malikussaleh in Lhokseumawe.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-333-57690-X
  2. ^ "Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site". Republika Online. 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  3. ^
    JSTOR 41561000
    .
  4. ^
    JSTOR 41561000
    .
  5. ^ Sir Henry Yule, ed. (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Issue 36. pp. 86–87.
  6. ^ William Marsden (1811). History of Sumatra, containing an account of the government (etc.). pp. 4–10.
  7. ^ Kompleks Makam Kuno Leubok Tuwe Makam Syuhada Awal Samudra Pasai
  8. ^ "Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia Istanbul Turley". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  9. ISBN 978-1-74104-435-5
    .
  10. ^ "Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 9 Through the Straits of Malacca to China 1345 – 1346". The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler. Berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  11. ISBN 978-90-04-10391-7
    .
  12. JSTOR 20072512
    .
  13. ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 33, Parts 1–4. Quote: "The Portuguese knew Pasai as Pacem."
  14. doi:10.1017/S0217781100002866
    .
  15. ^ Taqiyuddin Muhammad (2011). Daulah Shalihiyyah Di Sumatera. CISAH. pp. 115–186.
  16. ^ "Sultan Al-Malik Ash-Shalih, wafat dalam bulan Ramandhan tahun 696 Hijriah, dimakamkan di pusat pemerintahan Kota Sumatra" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  17. ^ "Makam Sultan Pasai, Kesultanan Islam Terbesar di Asia Tenggara, Dibiarkan Hancur Berkeping". indozone.id (in Indonesian). 31 October 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.

Further reading

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