Sultanate of Sarawak
Sultanate of Sarawak كسلطانن ملايو سراوق دارالهنا () | |||||||||
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1599–1641 | |||||||||
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Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah | |||||||||
History | |||||||||
• The foundation of Sarawak | 1599 | ||||||||
• Assassination of Sultan Tengah | 1641 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Malaysia Indonesia |
History of Malaysia |
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The Sultanate of Sarawak (
The kingdom witnessed the reign of a sole sultan,
The sultanate was dissolved following Sultan Tengah's assassination in 1641, at 42nd year of his rule.[5] The administration of the territory was then replaced by the local Malay governors appointed from Brunei, reunifying the area into Bruneian empire.
The historical significance of the Sarawak Sultanate, alongside neighboring Malay kingdoms such as Santubong (near Kuching), Sadong (near Samarahan), Saribas, Kalaka (both in Betong Division), Lingga and Banting (both in Sri Aman) collectively shaped the pre-Brooke Sarawakian history.[6][7]
Etymology
Sultan Tengah named his Sultanate as Sarawak Darul Hana meaning "place of peace and tranquility".[8]
History
Founding
According to the Salahsilah Raja-Raja Brunei (Bruneian Royal Annals), the state was established following the demise of
Already anticipating this dispute, the newly crowned Sultan of Brunei appointed the Pengiran Muda Tengah as the Sultan of Sarawak, a frontier territory far from the administrative centre of the Bruneian empire.[10][11]
Sultan Tengah was accompanied by more than 1,000 soldiers from the Sakai,
Sarawak–Sambas union
Located further up of the Sambas River, The sultan's arrival in Kota Lama was greatly celebrated by the Ratu Sapundak, the King of Kota Lama who welcomed the sultan as the royal guest of honour. The king allowed Sultan Tengah to perform his missionary activities to the local populace, despite himself being a Hindu ruler of Majapahit descent. The long stay in Sambas also witnessed the marriage of Sultan Tengah's prince, Radin Sulaiman to Puteri Mas Ayu Bongsu, the princess of Ratu Sapundak. The royal pair had a son named Radin Bima, who would later become the second Sultan of Sambas.[11][1]
Following the death of Ratu Sapundak, the throne of Sambas was succeeded by Pengiran Prabu Kenchana who appointed Radin Sulaiman as one of his advisers. Historical records narrated that Ratu Sapundak had desired to appoint Sultan Tengah as his successor due to his expertise in governance and administration, although his request was highly objected by the members of the Sambas aristocrats due to their religious differences, with the members of the then-Sambas nobility being predominantly Hindu. However, this would change in 1631, when Radin Sulaiman rose to the crown of Sambas, bearing the regal name of Sri Paduka al-Sultan Tuanku Muhammad Safiuddin I, the first Muslim ruler of the Sambas Kingdom.[12]
Sarawak–Matan union
By 1630, the sultan departed to Matan. There, he married a local princess that gave birth to a prince, Pengiran Mangku Negara, who later became the Sultan of Matan. It was after a few years in Matan that he decided to return to Sarawak.[11]
Diplomatic ties
Sarawak–Pahang relation
Sometime in the early 17th century, Sultan Tengah was on a trip to Pahang, (then an autonomous-kingdom in Johor) to visit his aunt, the Raja Bonda (Queen Creek of Pahang). Before he left, he elected four Datuks (nobleman) to administer his kingdom. His aunt was married to the sultan, Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah. While in Johor, he was invited to perform in a courtly dance. It was during the performance that one of the dancers almost hit the face of Sultan Tengah with a handkerchief by accident. The furious Sultan Tengah then slapped the dancer. This caused a disappointment in the Sultan of Pahang who then ordered the Sarawakian royal entourage to immediately leave his kingdom.[11]
Sarawak–Johor relation
Based on the narration of the Sultanate of Sambas, Sultan Tengah was ordered to leave Johor because of his refusal to marry Princess Cik Zohra upon the request of his aunt, The Queen Consort of Pahang.
Sarawak–Sukadana alliance
The royal entourage was hit by a major storm during their return voyage to
The Sultan later wedded Princess Puteri Surya Kesuma, sister of the reigning monarch. He also briefly settled in Sukadana and requested permission to carry out missionary activities on the local populace. His request was permitted and he was granted land around the Sambas river to perform his duties. By 1600, he departed Sukadana to Sambas together with an entourage of 40 vessels consisting of armed men.
The royal entourage arrived and built a settlement around Kuala Bangun, near the Sambas river. It was during this time in Sambas that the Puteri gave birth to a prince, Radin Sulaiman. She later gave birth to: Pengiran Badaruddin (would later become Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja) and Pengiran Abdul Wahab (Pengiran Temenggong Jaya Kesuma).
Reunion with the Bruneian empire
After staying a few years in Matan, the sultan decided to return to Sarawak. In 1641, he and his party settled in Batu Buaya, Santubong while en route to Sarawak.[13] It was during this time in Batu Buaya that he was assassinated by one of his escorts.[9][14] When the news of the death of the sultan arrived in Sarawak, Datu Patinggi, Datu Shahbandar, Datu Amar and Datu Temenggong departed to Santubong to complete the funeral rites of the sultan based on Bruneian royal customs. The Queen consort, Ratu Surya Kesuma decided to return to the Kingdom of Sukananda after his demise.[14]
According to official history, no new sultan was appointed after the death of Sultan Tengah. Instead, Sarawak was governed under the Sultan of Brunei, with the help of four semi-autonomous Datus.[1] It was only 300 years later in 1826, when Sultan Omar Ali of Brunei decided to establish a direct rule on Sarawak (Kuching region) by sending his nephew Pengiran Indera Mahkota there.[5]
Legacy
The final resting place of the sultan was discovered in 1993, located in Kampong Batu Buaya.[15][16] A royal mausoleum was constructed in May 1995 following the rediscovery of the tomb.[1] The monument was visited by Hassanal Bolkiah, the Sultan of Brunei during his state visit to Sarawak in 2007.
Sultan Tengah reign has changed the sociopolitical framework of the western coast of Borneo. His capital at Sungai Bedil later became
Today, some Kuching and the Sambas Malay community can trace their origin from these pioneers that followed Sultan Tengah to Sarawak.[11]
Darul Hana Mosque, was completed in 2016, as part of the Darul Hana township project located in
References
- ^ a b c d e Larsen 2012
- ^ Sahari, Suriani; McLaughlin, Tom. "History of the people from the Sarawak River Valley".
- ^ Porritt 2012
- ^ a b Bruneidesi 2017
- ^ a b c d Ritchie, James (11 August 2023). "Darul Hana making a great Sarawak Empire". New Sarawak Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ Said, Sanib (2012). "Sejarah Awal Kepulauan Melayu: Lima Buah Negeri Warisan Sarawak yang Hilang (The Heritage if the Early History of Sarawak: The Five Lost Kingdom)" (PDF). Current Research in Malaysia. 1 (1): 21–50. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ [Sejarah kewujudan pentadbiran dua kerajaan dikaji https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2016/01/16/sejarah-kewujudan-pentadbiran-dua-kerajaan-dikaji]
- ^ Mohd, Roji Kawi (14 November 2017). "Opening of RM35m Darul Hana Bridge over Sungai Sarawak". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ a b Danielle Sendou Ringgit 2016
- ^ a b Sarawak State Secretary Office 2016
- ^ a b c d e f g Gregory 2015
- ^ a b c Kaffah 2017
- ^ Tunku Hilda 2015
- ^ a b Tomi 2014
- ^ Arkib Negara Malaysia 2016
- ^ Sygic 2017
- ^ "Darul Hana Mosque to be completed by next year". The Borneo Post. 16 November 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ Tugong, Agnes (25 September 2018). "Pementasan Amal Teater Muzikal Sultan Tengah dapat sambutan (Staging of Sultan Tengah musical charity welcomed by visitors)". Utusan Borneo. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ Pei Pei, Goh (13 December 2020). "PAS creates furore by using 'Darul Hana' for Sarawak". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ "'Sarawak Darul Hana': Hentikan manipulasi! ('Sarawak Darul Hana': Stop the manipulation!)". Harakah Daily. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ "Abang Jo denies changing state's name to 'Sarawak Darul Hana', places blame on PAS". The Malay Mail. 14 December 2020. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
Bibliography
- Arkib Negara Malaysia (2016), Penemuan Makan Sultan Sarawak Pertama, Pekhabar
- Bruneidesi (2017), Sultans of Brunei
- Danielle Sendou Ringgit (2016), A brush with royalty in Sambas, The Borneo Post
- Gregory, Zayn (2015), The Maqam of Sultan Tengah, BinGreogory
- Kaffah (2017), Istana Alwatzikhubillah, Kabupaten Sambas, Kalimantan barat
- Larsen, Ib (2012), The First Sultan of Sarawak and His Links to Brunei and the Sambas Dynasty, 1599-1826: A Little known Pre-Brooke History, Malaysian Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.3022
- Porritt, Vernon L. (2012), Sarawak Proper: trading and trading patterns from earlier times to the registration of the Borneo Company in 1856., Borneo Research Council, Inc
- Sarawak State Secretary Office (2016), Sarawak Before 1841, Official Website of Sarawak State Government
- Sygic (2017), Tomb of Sultan Tengah
- Tomi (2014), Pasak Negeri Kapuas 1616-1822, Feliz Books, ISBN 978-602-961-357-5
- Tunku Hilda (2015), Kino Santubung Megalithic Mystery, KINO (Kuching In and Out)