Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict
Starting in the 12th century, the
Early medieval prelude
In the 10th century, the area of the future
The tribes west of the Oder were organized in
House of Ascania vs House of Pomerania
Focused on the Northern March, Albert renounced his post as the margrave of
In 1147, Albert participated in the
Albert the Bear's successor in Saxony,
Constant Danish military pressure resulted in Danish vassalage of Pomerania in 1184/85.
In the 1230s, the
Also in the 1230s, Barnim I had sold the southern Uckermark between
Date | Event |
---|---|
1120s | Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania subdues Liutician areas west of the Oder, including the Peene area.[28][29][30] |
1134 | Albrecht von Ballenstein ("The Bear") receives the Northern March (up to the Peene river) as a fief from Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor[29][31]
|
1147 | Wendish Crusade[15][32] |
1157 | Margraviate of Brandenburg established, successor of the Northern March |
1164 | Battle of Verchen, Western Pomerania becomes fief of Henry the Lion (Duchy of Saxony)[15][33] |
1177 | After several Danish campaigns into Pomeranian territory and protection by Henry the Lion absent[ Bogislaw I, Duke of Pomerania travels to Poland in the spring to ask the Polish duke for support. Waldemar of Denmark and Henry the Lion meet and agree on a combined Danish-German expedition; Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg supports Henry with troops. Siege of Demmin, Henry's control re-established.[34]
|
1178-80 | Pomeranian forces participate in campaigns against the Bishopric of Magdeburg and in Brandenburgian territories as far south as Jüterbog and Lusatia. Casimir I, Duke of Pomerania is killed in battle when supporting Henry the Lion against Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg. Pomerania temporarily expands south as far as the Spree river.[35]
|
1181 | Emperor |
1180s-1227 | Pomerania is subject[ Stettin in 1214[19]
|
December 1231 | Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor gives the Duchy of Pomerania as a fief to the Margraviate of Brandenburg.[21][39][40] |
June 1236 | Treaty of Kremmen: Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania hands over large parts of Pomerania-Demmin to Brandenburg and takes the remainder as a fief from the margraves.[41] |
1250 | Treaty of Landin: Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania hands over the Uckermark to Brandenburg in return for Brandenburg's renunciation of its succession claims in Pomerania. Barnim I and Wartislaw I take the remainder of the Duchy of Pomerania as a fief from Brandenburg.[42] |
1250s | Brandenburg expands eastward; Neumark established[clarification needed] partially with gains from Pomerania[43] |
1255 | War between Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania and John I, Margrave of Brandenburg[44] |
After 1261 | Brandenburg gains the Zehden areas from Pomerania.[43]
|
1266 | Schlawe-Stolp.[44]
|
March 1273 | Brandenburgian forces raid the |
1269 | Brandenburg gains the Arnswalde area from Pomerania.[45]
|
1277 | The Brandenburgian margraves purchase the |
1 June 1278 | bishop of Magdeburg[46]
|
1280 | Brandenburg gains the Schivelbein areas from Pomerania.[45]
|
1283–1284 | Warfare with Brandenburg, primarily for the towns of Gartz (Oder)[47]
|
13 June 1283 | In Rostock the Pomeranian nobility allies against Brandenburg; the Pomeranian towns of Stralsund, Greifswald, Anklam and Demmin are free to conclude alliances as they wish[46] |
4 July 1283 | The Pomeranian dukes ask Lübeck for support against Brandenburg.[46] Lübeck aids the dukes, and so does the Principality of Rügen[47] |
28 October 1283 | Brandenburg conquers the Stargard area; parts of the local nobility side with Brandenburg[46]
|
13 August 1284 | Treaty of Vierraden: Emperor Rudolf mediates a peace. Pomerania pays war reparations to Brandenburg; Brandenburg returns occupied castles to Pomerania; an arbitration panel is set up.[47] |
1290 | Brandenburg renounces her claims to the secular territory of the Bishopric of Cammin[47] |
5 November 1292 | Wizlaw and Jaromar, princes of Rügen, sign a treaty with Brandenburg concerning the border between Pomerelia and the Bishopric of Cammin; five knights are appointed arbitrators.[47] |
1298 | |
14 February 1302 | Alliance between Brandenburg and Otto I of Pomerania-Stettin; border fortifications deconstructed[25] |
1306 | Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania supports Poland in her war against Brandenburg.[25] |
17 July 1307 | |
1308 | Kammin destroyed by Brandenburgian forces[25]
|
9 December 1314 | Brandenburg renounces claims to the Loitz area in favour of the Principality of Rügen in return for a payment.[26] |
1314 | Brandenburg, Stralsund and the Pomeranian dukes ally and fight against a Danish-led coalition.[48] |
24/25 November 1317 | |
14 August 1319 | With the death of Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg, the Brandenburg branch of the House of Ascania dies out. Otto I of Pomerania-Stettin, who had fled to Waldemar from internal conflicts in Pomerania, is reconciled with Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast[26]
|
House of Pomerania vs House of Wittelsbach
The
The closest relative of deceased Waldemar was his ten-year-old cousin Henry, who is unlikely to have had valid claims on the margraviate.[27] Henry was the son of Waldermar's uncle Henry of Landsberg, a distant relative of both Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast and Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg from another line of the House of Ascania,[27] who was married to a daughter of former Ascanian margrave Otto V.[50] Wartislaw IV quickly advanced into eastern Brandenburg, took the boy into custody, had the local nobility formally declare him Henry's custodian, and acted as the de facto ruler of the margraviate.[27]
Rudolf I on the other hand declared himself custodian of Waldemar's widow and temporarily took over her possessions in western and central Brandenburg (
Meanwhile, other neighbors of Brandenburg also annexed frontier areas of the seemingly vacated margraviate – Silesia took the Görlitz area, Bohemia the Bautzen area, and Mecklenburgian forces occupied the Prignitz and advanced into the Uckermark.[50] Pomeranian forces had also advanced into the Uckermark, halted the Mecklenburgian campaign and occupied the Prenzlau and Pasewalk areas.[50] In addition, the Pomeranian dukes as well as Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg claimed the Lebus area.[50]
After Louis of the House of Wittelsbach, later crowned Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, had decided the war against the House of Habsburg in his favour in September 1322, he gave the Margraviate of Brandenburg to his seven-year-old son, Louis V "the Brandenburger" in 1323.[50] The formal investiture was issued in 1324, and included the Duchy of Pomerania as a Brandenburgian fief.[50] Rudolf I in late 1324 withdrew from Brandenburgian areas in turn for a compensation,[52] The House of Wittelsbach subsequently gained control over the margraviate until they were in full charge in 1343.[53] During this process, the Pomeranians had to withdraw from the Uckermark[53] after a series of battles throughout the late 1320s and early 1330s.[54] In 1330, they took their duchy as a papal fief to circumvent Brandenburg's claims.[51] In 1338, they concluded a peace with Brandenburg, who renounced her claims on overlordship but maintained the right of succession.[55]
In 1348 the conman
When war broke out again in the beginning of the 1370s between the Pomeranian dukes and Louis VI' successor
Date | Event |
---|---|
1320 | |
1320 | Pomeranian dukes take their duchy as a fief from the bishops of Cammin to avoid it becoming a fief of the next Brandenburgian margrave[51] |
24 June 1324 | Louis IV ("the Bavarian") gives Pomerania as a fief to his son, Louis V, Duke of Bavaria ("the Brandenburger"). Louis IV was banned by the pope on 23 March.[64] |
18 November 1324 | in Templin, Brandenburg allies with the Bishopric of Cammin[64] |
10 August 1325 | Pope John XXII calls the Pomeranian dukes to oppose the Brandenburgian margrave with all means.[64] |
5 September 1327 | Treaty of Ueckermünde: The Pomeranian dukes and the Brandenburgian margrave agree on a formal peace. The question of fiefdom is spared. Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania agrees to marry Mechthild (also Mathilda), daughter of Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria, yet the marriage never takes place.[65] |
1328 | |
29 January 1330 | truce between Brandenburg and Pomerania[67] |
1330 | Pomeranian dukes take their duchy as a fief from the pope John XXII to avoid it became a fief of Brandenburg[51] |
12 February and 18 August 1331 | the pope orders the Pomeranian dukes to oppose the Brandenburgian margraves[67] |
13 March 1331 | the Pomeranian dukes receive the Duchy of Pomerania as a papal fief[67] |
1 August 1332 | Battle of Kremmer Damm: Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania defeats the Brandenburgian army[51][67] |
28 June 1333 | Treaty of Lippehne: three-year peace between Brandenburg and Pomerania, the question of fiefdom is spared. A formal alliance is concluded on 3 December 1334.[67] |
1334 | Brandenburg renounces her claims on Pomerania-Wolgast[55] |
1338 | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor renounces Brandenburgian claims on Pomerania-Stettin except for the right of succession.[55][68] Pomerania and Brandenburg conclude a formal peace.[55] |
12 June 1348 | Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor grants the Pomeranian dukes the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen as an imperial fief, Brandenburg's claims are neglected.[69] |
4 April 1354 | Louis VI the Roman partition the Uckermark: Pomerania receives the eastern parts with Schwedt, Angermünde, Gramzow and Brüssow. Pasewalk refuses to become a part of Brandenburg and pledges allegiance to the dukes of Pomerania-Wolgast.[59] In 1359, Louis pawns Pasewalk and additional areas to Pomerania-Wolgast.[60]
|
1370 | alliance between the emperor and the Pomeranian dukes against Brandenburg.[60] Imperial confirmation of the Pomeranian possessions in the Uckermark.[70] |
1371 | Valdemar IV of Denmark mediates a peace between Pomerania and Brandenburg confirming the previous partition of the Uckermark.[60] |
1372 | war between Brandenburg and Pomerania for the Uckermark, Bishopric of Cammin sides with Brandenburg[60][70] |
24 August 1372 | Battle of Königsberg (Neumark): Casimir III (IV), Duke of Pomerania killed in battle.[70][71] |
October/November 1372 | peace between Pomerania and Brandenburg, Uckermark confirmed as part of Pomerania[71] |
18 August 1373 | Treaty of Fürstenwalde: Otto V of the House of Wittelsbach abdicates[70] |
House of Luxembourg vs House of Pomerania
The Pomeranian dukes were on good terms
Charles IV's heirs did not continue his policy of territorial integration and economical consolidation in Brandenburg: instead, the electorate faced internal partitions and economical decay.[72] The Pomeranian dukes discontinued the formerly good relations with the Luxembourgians and successfully campaigned in the Uckermark on their own initiative[71] or as allies of Brandenburg's opponents, shifting the border with Brandenburg southwards beyond Prenzlau.[73] In 1411, the Luxembourgians resigned from the electorate, and transferred their title to Frederick IV, Burgrave of Nuremberg of the House of Hohenzollern (also House of Zollern),[49] who started his reign in Brandenburg as Frederick I.[72]
Date | Event |
---|---|
1373/1374 | House of Luxembourg gains Brandenburg on 2 October 1373, stable peace with Pomerania in 1374. Pomeranian dukes hold positions in the Brandenburgian administration.[70] |
1388 | ducal forces of Pomerania-Stettin invade the Uckermark[71] |
1393 | ducal forces of Pomerania-Stettin invade the Uckermark[71] |
25 November 1399 | Battle of Neuensund am Karrenberg: Pomerania and Mecklenburg defeat Brandenburg and acquire Brandenburg-held territory in the Uckermark, including Prenzlau[73] |
House of Hohenzollern vs House of Pomerania
When
The
In 1444, war about the border in the
With the death of
The
Date | Event |
---|---|
11 January 1411 | House of Hohenzollern gains Brandenburg[87] |
24 October 1412 | Second Battle of Kremmer Damm: Forces of Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg face forces of Otto II and Casimir VI of Pomerania-Stettin, outcome undecided[73][87] |
19 November 1413 | alliance between Brandenburg and Pomerania-Wolgast, renewed and expanded with Mecklenburg in the summer of 1414. Brandenburg gains Strasburg and Prenzlau in the Uckermark.[77] |
late 1414 | Pomerania-Stettin invades Brandenburg[77] |
10 May 1415 | Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg successfully sues the dukes of Pomerania-Stettin at the imperial court, resulting in an Imperial ban[77] |
5 November 1415 | Magdalena, daughter of Wartislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania. Marriage never takes place.[77]
|
16 December 1415 | Treaty of Eberswalde: peace between Pomerania-Stettin and Brandenburg, questions of Uckermark and fiefdom remain unsettled[77] |
21 November 1418 | |
spring of 1419 | allies go to war against Brandenburg, battles in the Strasburg area[79] |
March 1420 | Battle of Angermünde: allies defeated by Brandenburg[79][88] |
August 1420 | Treaty of Perleberg: peace treaty, Brandenburg gains the Uckermark[79][88] |
1425 | allies go to war against Brandenburg: Brandenburgian defeat near Vierraden, Prenzlau sacked by Pomeranian forces[80][89] |
22 May 1427 | Treaty of Eberswalde: peace treaty, Brandenburg receives Angermünde, Pomerania keeps Greifenberg, the emperor is to decide the dispute concerning the fiefdom status[80][89] |
1440 | Brandenburg-Pomeranian alliance against Mecklenburg-Stargard in April,[80][89] peace treaty on 8 May 1442. Pomerania-Wolgast does not sign the peace[81] |
1444–1448 | Pomerania and Brandenburg go to war when Brandenburg demands the pursuit of an imperial order regarding territorial claims in the Uckermark. Battles primarily in the Pasewalk, Angermünde and Oderberg areas[81] |
3 May 1448 | Treaty of Prenzlau: truce, Brandenburg renounces claims to Pasewalk, but retains the right of succession for the town[81] |
6 September 1459 | Internal struggle in the Wartislaw X and Otto III of Pomerania ally with Brandenburg against Eric II, Duke of Pomerania. Brandenburg gains Pasewalk, Alttorgelow and Neutorgelow as a pawn.[82]
|
1464 | Otto III, Duke of Pomerania dies without issue on 10 September, leaving Pomerania-Stettin vacant. Pomerania-Wolgast and Brandenburg both claim succession in Pomerania-Stettin.[82][90] Negotiations throughout 1465.[91] |
21 January 1466 | Treaty of Soldin: Dukes of Pomerania-Wolgast become dukes in Pomerania-Stettin as Brandenburgian vassals.[92] |
14 October 1466 | Treaty of Soldin declared void by the imperial court.[93] |
July 1468-May 1472 | war between Pomerania and Brandenburg[94] |
30 May 1472 | Treaty of Prenzlau: Brandenburg keeps her territorial gains in the Uckermark and the Pomeranian ducal title, Pomerania-Wolgast becomes a Brandenburgian fief[95][96] |
1477–1478 | war between Pomerania and Brandenburg. Pomeranian forces attack Brandenburgian forces in |
28 September 1478 | Poland mediates a truce[95] |
26 June 1479 | Treaty of Prenzlau: Bogislaw X, only remaining Pomeranian duke, takes the Duchy of Pomerania as a Brandenburgian fief. Brandenburg keeps her territorial gains (14 castles), Gartz stays with Pomerania.[97][98] |
26 March 1493 | House of Pomerania do not need to take the duchy as a fief from Brandenburg, nor do they need to pledge allegiance to the elector, Brandenburg retains the right of succession in the duchy.[99]
|
15 July 1495 | Holy Roman Emperor approves of the treaty of Pyritz, but includes the Duchy of Pomerania with the Brandenburgian possessions.[99] |
1500 | Bogislaw X re-negotiates the treaty of Pyritz with Johann's successor, Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg, with the result that Pomerania is a Brandenburgian fief free to serve the emperor.[99]
|
1518–1519 | conflict between Brandenburg and Pomerania regarding the Oder trade.[100] |
28 May 1521 | Holy Roman Emperor issues a document making Pomerania an immediate imperial fief. Delivery hindered by Brandenburg.[100] |
1522 | negotiations about the status of the Duchy of Pomerania in Nuremberg (spring) and Prenzlau (September), no result.[101] |
23 August 1526 and 12 April 1529 | negotiations about the status of Pomerania at the Imperial Diets in Speyer initiated by George I, Duke of Pomerania, no result.[86] |
August 1529 | Pomeranian and Brandenburgian nobles negotiate the status of Pomerania in |
25 October 1529 | House of Pomerania dies out, Brandenburg retains the title of a Pomeranian duke and merges the Pomeranian coat of arms into the Brandenburgian one.[86]
|
23 December 1529 | Brandenburg-Pomeranian alliance concluded: mutual assistance against third parties and disobeying subjects, Brandenburg-Pomeranian arbitration court, mutual custodianship for minor members of the ruling houses, trade alliance[102] |
House of Hohenzollern vs House of Sweden
Seven years before the last duke of the
Brandenburg, later
Date | Event |
---|---|
1627 | Capitulation of Franzburg: Thirty Years' War reaches the Duchy of Pomerania |
1630 | Treaty of Stettin: Sweden occupies Pomerania |
1637 | death of House of Pomerania extinct
|
1648 | Thirty Years' War ends with the Peace of Westphalia: Brandenburg and Sweden agree to partition Pomerania |
1653 | Brandenburgian Pomerania
|
1659 | Brandenburg and Sweden battle each other in Swedish Pomerania during the Northern Wars[104] |
1660 | Peace of Oliva[105]
|
1675–1678 | Scanian War: Swedish campaign into Brandenburg and defeat at Fehrbellin in 1675. Brandenburgian counteroffensive with Danish support, capture of all of Swedish Pomerania between 1675 and 8 November 1678.[106] |
28 June 1679 | Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye: most of Swedish Pomerania restored to Sweden, Brandenburg gains a frontier strip east of the Oder[107] |
1713–1715 | Battle of Stralsund[108]
|
1720 | |
1757 | Swedish invasion of Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania, Brandenburg-Prussian invasion of Swedish Pomerania during the Seven Years' War[110]
|
1806–1815 | defeated at Auerstedt in 1806, subsequent seizure of Brandenburg and Pomerania by French forces[111]
|
1814 | Treaty of Kiel: Sweden cedes Swedish Pomerania to Denmark[112] |
1815 | Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania and Swedish Pomerania[113]
|
Sources
References
- ^ Kirsch (2004), pp. 73, 74
- ^ Kirsch (2004), p. 74
- ^ a b c Kirsch (2004), p. 75
- ^ Robinson (2003), pp. 3–4, 24
- ^ Fuhrmann (1986), p. 122
- ^ a b c Materna (1995), p. 86
- ^ a b c d e Kirsch (2004), p. 76
- ^ Fuhrmann (1986), p. 123
- ^ Barber (2004), p. 188
- ^ Materna (1995), p. 87
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kirsch (2004), p. 77
- ^ Barber (2004), p. 191
- ^ Riis (1995), p. 23ff
- ^ Riis (1995), p. 25
- ^ a b c Piskorski (1999), p. 43
- ^ a b Heitz (1995), p. 167
- ^ Fuhrmann (1986), pp. 169, 175
- ^ a b c d Piskorski (1999), p. 44
- ^ a b Piskorski (1999), p. 45
- ^ Materna (1995), p. 93
- ^ a b Buske (1997), p. 18
- ^ a b c d e f Materna (1995), p. 94
- ^ Zientara (2002), p. 339
- ^ a b Buchholz (1999), p. 87
- ^ a b c d e Heitz (1995), p. 176
- ^ a b c d Heitz (1995), p. 177
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Materna (1995), p. 134
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 161
- ^ a b Inachim (2008), p. 17
- ^ Piskorski (1999), pp. 40, 41
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 162
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 163
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 164
- ^ Riis (1995), pp. 40–41
- ^ Riis (1995), pp. 41–43
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 34
- ^ Heitz (1995), pp. 167–170
- ^ Buchholz (1999), pp. 34, 35
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 170
- ^ Inachim (2008), pp. 18–19
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 171
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 172
- ^ a b Buchholz (1999), p. 89
- ^ a b c Heitz (1995), p. 173
- ^ a b Buchholz (1999), p. 90
- ^ a b c d e Heitz (1995), p. 174
- ^ a b c d e f Heitz (1995), p. 175
- ^ a b c Buchholz (1999), p. 107
- ^ a b Arnold (2004), p. 245)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Materna (1995), p. 135
- ^ a b c d e Willoweit (2006), p. 257
- ^ Materna (1995), p. 136
- ^ a b Materna (1995), p. 139
- ^ Heitz (1995), pp. 180–183
- ^ a b c d Heitz (1995), p. 184
- ^ a b Materna (1995), p. 142
- ^ a b Materna (1995), pp. 142, 143
- ^ a b c Materna (1995), p. 143
- ^ a b Heitz (1995), p. 185
- ^ a b c d e f Heitz (1995), p. 186
- ^ a b c d Spindler and Kraus (1995), p. 66
- ^ Kraus (2004), p. 164
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 178
- ^ a b c Heitz (1995), p. 180
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 181
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 182
- ^ a b c d e Heitz (1995), p. 183
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 109
- ^ a b Buchholz (1999), pp. 110–111
- ^ a b c d e f Buchholz (1999), p. 161
- ^ a b c d e Heitz (1995), p. 187
- ^ a b c Krause, Balz, Müller (1993), p. 105
- ^ a b c d Heitz (1995), p. 188
- ^ Büsch (1992), p. 404
- ^ Inachim (2008), p. 31
- ^ Materna (1995), pp. 172–173
- ^ a b c d e f g Heitz (1995), p. 189
- ^ a b Materna (1995), p. 173
- ^ a b c d e Heitz (1995), p. 190
- ^ a b c d Heitz (1995), p. 191
- ^ a b c d Heitz (1995), p. 192
- ^ a b c d Heitz (1995), p. 193
- ^ Heitz (1995), pp. 193–200
- ^ Materna (1995), p. 205
- ^ Heitz (1995), pp. 202–205
- ^ a b c d Heitz (1995), p. 205
- ^ a b Buchholz (1999), p. 162
- ^ a b Buchholz (1999), p. 166
- ^ a b c Buchholz (1999), p. 180ff
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 183
- ^ Heitz (1995), pp. 193–194
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 194
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 195
- ^ Heitz (1995), pp. 197–200
- ^ a b c Heitz (1995), p. 200
- ^ Buchholz (1999), pp. 186, 189
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 201
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 190
- ^ a b c Heitz (1995), p. 202
- ^ a b Heitz (1995), p. 203
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 204
- ^ Heitz (1995), pp. 205–206
- ^ Heitz (1995), p. 224
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 273ff
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 318
- ^ Buchholz (1999), pp. 318, 319
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 319
- ^ Buchholz (1999), pp. 341–343
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 343
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 352
- ^ Buchholz (1999), pp. 360–363
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 363
- ^ Buchholz (1999), p. 364
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