Brassicaceae

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Brassicaceae
Winter cress, Barbarea vulgaris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Burnett[1]
Genera

See list of Brassicaceae genera

Brassicaceae (

leaves are simple (although are sometimes deeply incised), lack stipules, and appear alternately on stems or in rosettes. The inflorescences are terminal and lack bracts. The flowers have four free sepals, four free alternating petals, two shorter free stamens and four longer free stamens. The fruit
has seeds in rows, divided by a thin wall (or septum).

The family contains 372

genera and 4,060 accepted species.[3] The largest genera are Draba (440 species), Erysimum (261 species), Lepidium (234 species), Cardamine (233 species), and Alyssum
(207 species).

The family contains the

Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), but also a cut-flower Matthiola (stock) and the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana
(thale cress).

Pieris rapae and other butterflies of the family Pieridae are some of the best-known pests of Brassicaceae species planted as commercial crops. Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) moth is also becoming increasingly problematic for crucifers due to its resistance to commonly used pest control methods.[4] Some rarer Pieris butterflies, such as P. virginiensis, depend upon native mustards for their survival in their native habitats. Some non-native mustards such as Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard), an extremely invasive species in the United States, can be toxic to their larvae.

Description

Ricotia lunaria

Species belonging to the Brassicaceae are mostly

Mathiola species, to seventeen (n=17). About 35% of the species in which chromosomes have been counted have eight sets (n=8). Due to polyploidy, some species may have up to 256 individual chromosomes, with some very high counts in the North American species of Cardamine, such as C. diphylla. Hybridisation is not unusual in Brassicaceae, especially in Arabis, Rorippa, Cardamine and Boechera. Hybridisation between species originating in Africa and California, and subsequent polyploidisation is surmised for Lepidium species native to Australia and New Zealand.[7]

Inflorescence and flower

tricolpate. The receptacle carries a variable number of nectaries, but these are always present opposite the base of the lateral stamens.[5][8]

Ovary, fruit and seed

There is one

silicle if the length is less than three times the width. The fruit is very variable in its other traits. There may be one persistent style that connects the ovary to the globular or conical stigma, which is undivided or has two spreading or connivent lobes. The variously shaped seeds are usually yellow or brown in color, and arranged in one or two rows in each cavity. The seed leaves are entire or have a notch at the tip. The seed does not contain endosperm.[5]

Differences with similar families

Brassicaceae have a bisymmetrical corolla (left is mirrored by right, stem-side by out-side, but each quarter is not symmetrical), a septum dividing the fruit, lack stipules and have simple (although sometimes deeply incised) leaves. The sister family Cleomaceae has bilateral symmetrical corollas (left is mirrored by right, but stem-side is different from out-side), stipules and mostly palmately divided leaves, and mostly no septum.[5] Capparaceae generally have a gynophore, sometimes an androgynophore, and a variable number of stamens.[8]

Phytochemistry

Almost all Brassicaceae have C3 carbon fixation. The only exceptions are a few Moricandia species, which have a hybrid system between C3 and C4 carbon fixation, C4 fixation being more efficient in drought, high temperature and low nitrate availability.[9] Brassicaceae contain different cocktails of dozens of glucosinolates. They also contain enzymes called myrosinases, that convert the glucosinolates into isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles, which are toxic to many organisms, and so help guard against herbivory.[10]

Taxonomy

APG II system merged Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae. Other classifications have continued to recognize the Capparaceae, but with a more restricted circumscription, either including Cleome and its relatives in the Brassicaceae or recognizing them in the segregate family Cleomaceae. The APG III system has recently adopted this last solution, but this may change as a consensus arises on this point. Current insights in the relationships of the Brassicaceae, based on a 2012 DNA-analysis, are summarized in the following tree.[8][12]

core Brassicales

family Resedaceae

family Gyrostemonaceae

family

Pentadiplandraceae

family

Tovariaceae

family Capparaceae

family Cleomaceae

family Brassicaceae

family

Emblingiaceae

Relationships within the family

Early classifications depended on morphological comparison only, but because of extensive

phylogeny. Although a substantial effort was made through molecular phylogenetic studies, the relationships within the Brassicaceae have not always been well resolved yet. It has long been clear that the Aethionema are sister of the remainder of the family.[13] One analysis from 2014 represented the relation between 39 tribes with the following tree.[14]

Brassicaceae

Aethionemae

Megacarpaeae

Heliophileae

Coluteocarpeae

Conringieae

Buniadeae

Kernereae

Schizopetaleae

Thlaspideae

Isatideae

Sisymbrieae

Brassiceae

Thelypodieae

Eutremeae

Calepineae

Biscutelleae

Arabideae

Cochlearieae

Anchonieae

Hesperideae

Anastaticeae

Dontostemoneae

Chorisporeae

Euclidieae

Iberideae

Erysimeae

Lepidieae

Smelowskieae

Yinshanieae

Descurainieae

Camelinieae

Boechereae

Oreophytoneae

Halimolobeae

Physarieae

Crucihimalayeae

Cardamineae

Alysseae

Genera

Main article: List of Brassicaceae genera

As of October 2023 Plants of the World Online accepts 346 genera.[15]

Etymology

The name Brassicaceae comes to international scientific vocabulary from Neo-Latin, from Brassica, the type genus, + -aceae,[16] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word brassica, referring to cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables. The alternative older name, Cruciferae, meaning "cross-bearing", describes the four petals of mustard flowers, which resemble a cross. Cruciferae is one of eight plant family names, not derived from a genus name and without the suffix -aceae that are authorized alternative names.[17]

Distribution

Brassicaceae can be found almost on the entire land surface of the planet, but the family is absent from Antarctica, and also absent from some areas in the tropics i.e. northeastern Brazil, the

Mediterranean Region, with around 630 species (290 of which are endemic) in 113 genera. The family is less prominent in the Saharo-Arabian Region—65 genera, 180 species of which 62 are endemic—and North America (comprising the North American Atlantic Region and the Rocky Mountain Floristic Region)—99 genera, 780 species of which 600 are endemic. South America has 40 genera containing 340 native species, Southern Africa 15 genera with over 100 species, and Australia and New-Zealand have 19 genera with 114 species between them.[7]

Ecology

Brassicaceae are almost exclusively

soil remediation or even bio-mining.[19]

Brassicaceae contain

triterpenoid saponins. These adaptations and counter adaptations probably have led to extensive diversification in both the Brassicaceae and one of its major pests, the butterfly family Pieridae. A particular cocktail of volatile glucosinates triggers egg-laying in many species. Thus a particular crop can sometimes be protected by planting bittercress as a deadly bait, for the saponins kill the caterpillars, but the butterfly is still lured by the bittercress to lay its egg on the leaves.[20]
A moth that feeds on a range of Brassicaceae is the
cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) stores glucosinolates and synthesises its own myrosinases, which may deter its potential predators.[18]

Since its introduction in the 19th century, Alliaria petiolata has been shown to be extremely successful as an

oviposit on it, although it is toxic to their larvae
.

Invasive aggressive mustard species are known for being self-fertile, seeding very heavily with small seeds that have a lengthy lifespan coupled with a very high rate of viability and germination, and for being completely unpalatable to both herbivores and insects in areas to which they are not native. Garlic mustard is toxic to several rarer North American Pieris species.

Uses

Main article: Cruciferous vegetables
Lunaria annua with dry walls of the fruit
Smelowskia americana is endemic to the midlatitude mountains of western North America.

This family includes important agricultural crops, among which many vegetables such as

Woad (Isatis tinctoria) was used in the past to produce a blue textile dye (indigo), but has largely been replaced by the same substance from unrelated tropical species like Indigofera tinctoria.[31]

Low Latin. It was essential to the diets of the whalers on Kerguelen when pork, beef, or seal meat
was used up.

The Brassicaceae also includes ornamentals, such as species of

Honesty (Lunaria annua) is cultivated for the decorative value of the translucent remains of the fruits after drying.[32]
It can be a pest species in areas where it is not native.

The small Eurasian weed

Angiospermae).[33]

Some species are useful as food plants for

Boechera laevigata that are utilized by several North American butterflies.[34]

Gallery

References

  1. hdl:10654/18083
    .
  2. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cruciferae" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 521.
  3. ^ "Brassicaceae". The Plant List.
  4. ^ Turini TA, Daugovish O, Koike ST, Natwick ET, Ploeg A, Dara SK, Fennimore SA, Joseph S, LeStrange M, Smith R, Subbarao KV, Westerdahl BB. Revised continuously. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines Cole Crops. UC ANR Publication 3442. Oakland, CA.
  5. ^ a b c d Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2012). "Neotropical Brassicaceae". Neotropikey—Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  6. ^ Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Vol. 1: Leaves, Stem, and Wood in relation to Taxonomy, with notes on economic Uses. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. pp. 79–87.
  7. ^ a b c d Renate Schmidt; Ian Bancroft, eds. (2010). Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 9. Springer Science & Business Media.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Brassicaceae: Characters, Distribution and Types (With Diagram)". biologydiscussion. 2016-08-30. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  9. ISBN 9789400739123
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  10. ^ a b Woods, Harry Arthur. Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Insects. Ecological and Environmental Physiology Series. Vol. 3. Oxford biological.
  11. ^
    S2CID 39584525
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  12. doi:10.1002/tax.613009. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-03.
  13. doi:10.1002/tax.615002
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  14. PMID 24984034
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  15. ^ Brassicaceae Burnett. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  16. ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, archived from the original on 2020-05-25, retrieved 2016-07-28.
  17. ICBN
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  18. ^ a b "Brassicales". MOBOT. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  19. PMID 27092164
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  20. PMID 21316065
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  21. ^ Eubanks, HM.D., Hoffmann, J.H., Lewis, E.E., Liu, J., Melnick, R., Michaud, J.P., Ode, P., Pell, J.K., 2017. Biological Control Journal. Elsevier. https://www.journals.elsevier.com/Biological-Control
  22. ^ Becker, R., Gerber E., Hinz H., Katovich E., Panke B., Reardon R., Renz R., Van Riper L., 2013. Biology and Biological Control of Garlic Mustard. The Forest Technology Enterprise Team. https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/FS_garlicmustard.pdf
  23. ^ UF IFAS, 2017. Biological Control. University of Florida. https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/control-methods/biological-control/
  24. ^ a b Driesche, F.V.; Blossey, B.; Hoodle, M.; Lyon, S.; Reardon, R., 2010. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. USDA Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. http://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:BCIPEUS
  25. ^ Davis, Adam. 2009. Munching on Garlic Mustard—A New Weevil in the Works. United States Department of Agriculture—AgResearch Magazine. https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2009/jul/weevil/
  26. ^ Blossy, B., Ode, P., Pell, J.K., 1999. Development of Biological Control for Garlic Mustard. Cornell University. https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/grants/documents/wpfgrantreports/1998l06w.pdf
  27. ^ Landis, Doug. "Management Options". Integrated Pest Management. Michigan State University. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  28. ^ Reardon, Richard. "FHTET Biological Control Program—Sponsored Projects" (PDF). FHTET Biological Control Program. USDA Forest Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  29. ^ Becker, R. (2017). "Implementing Biological Control of Garlic Mustard—Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund 2017 RFP" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-04.
  30. ^ Davis, S., 2015. Evaluating threats to the rare butterfly, Pieris "virginiensis". Wright State University. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=wright1431882480&disposition=inline Archived 2017-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
  31. S2CID 42741171
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  32. ISBN 978-0715334232
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  33. PMID 20409266. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
  34. ^ Hilty, John (2017). "Smooth Rock Cress". Illinois Wildflowers. Dr. John Hilty. Retrieved 17 April 2018.

External links

  • BrassiBase, a collection of resources on Brassicaceae biology

Further reading

  • Arias, Tatiana; Pires, J. Chris (October 2012). "A fully resolved chloroplast phylogeny of the brassica crops and wild relatives (Brassicaceae: Brassiceae): Novel clades and potential taxonomic implications". Taxon. 61 (5): 980–988.
    doi:10.1002/tax.615005
    .
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