Barbarea vulgaris

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Barbarea vulgaris

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Barbarea
Species:
B. vulgaris
Binomial name
Barbarea vulgaris
Synonyms
  • Cheiranthus ibericus Willd.
  • Barbarea ceretana Sennen
  • Erysimum barbarea L.
  • Erysimum arcuatu Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl

Barbarea vulgaris, also called wintercress (usual common name), or alternatively winter rocket, rocketcress, yellow rocketcress, yellow rocket, wound rocket, herb barbara, creases, or creasy greens, is a biennial herb of the genus Barbarea, belonging to the family Brassicaceae.

Description

Close-up on flowers of Barbarea vulgaris
heath fritillary

This plant grows to about 30–60 cm (12–24 in) high, with a maximum of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The stem is ribbed and hairless, branched at the base. It has basal rosettes of shiny, dark green leaves. The basal leaves are stalked and lyre-pinnatifid, that is with a large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes. The cauline leaves are smaller, ovate, toothed, or lobed. The flowers are borne in spring in dense terminal clusters above the foliage. They are 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) long, with four bright yellow petals. The flowering period extends from about April through July. The fruit is a pod around 15–30 mm (0.59–1.18 in).

Chemical substances in this species include saponins,[2][3][4][5] flavonoids,[6] and glucosinolates.[7][8]

Taxonomy

Formally, B. vulgaris was first published and described by William Aiton in his 'Hortus Kewensis' Vol.4 on page 109 in 1812. Some references still mention Robert Brown (Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)),[9] as the author. Indeed, botanists believe that R. Brown was the actual author of the first botanical description of B. vulgaris in the description of the family Brassicaceae (in Hortus Kew. ed. 2).[10] However, W. T. Aiton, the publishing author, did not mention or indicate R. Brown's name for Brassicaceae; therefore, W. T. Aiton is author of the Brassicaceae novelties in this work. [11]

B. vulgaris has various common names of which the most commonly used is 'wintercress' (e.g. Gleason, H.A. Illustrated Flora of the NE United States and Adjacent Canada, 1952), which can also be used for the entire genus Barbarea. Many other common names are listed in various sources, including (in alphabetical order), 'creases', 'creasy greens', 'cressy-greens', 'English wintercress', 'herb-Barbaras', 'rocket cress', and 'yellow rocket'.[12][13][14] Two additional names sometimes used, 'bittercress' and 'upland cress' are ambiguous; the name 'bittercress' usually signifies various species of the genus Cardamine, and 'upland cress' usually signifies Barbarea verna.

Etymology

The genus name

artillerymen and miners, as this plant in the past was used to soothe the wounds caused by explosions.[15] The species Latin name vulgaris means "common".[16]

Natural insect resistance and its potential use in agriculture

Most B. vulgaris genotypes are naturally resistant to some insect species that are otherwise specialized on the crucifer family. In the case of diamondback moth (

dead-end trap cropping".[17]

Distribution

Native to Eurasia and North Africa, it is naturalised in many parts of North America and New Zealand as a weed.[12]

Range

It is found in

tropical parts Asia, such as India
(- in the provinces of Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh), Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

In eastern Europe, it is found within Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine. In middle Europe, it is in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. In northern Europe, in Denmark, Ireland, Sweden and United Kingdom. In southeastern Europe, within Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Lastly, it is found in southwestern Europe, it is found in France, Portugal and Spain.[12]

Habitat

The plant prefers fresh or moist places, on roadsides, along rivers, in arable land, wastelands and docklands, or on the slopes and in ditches, at an altitude of 0–2,500 m (0–8,202 ft) above sea level.[1]

It also prefers to grow in siliceous, calcareous, sandy, alluvial and clay soils.[1]

Natural chemotypes with distinct ecology

A pubescent type (the "P-type") has been described from southern Scandinavia and Russia. While this chemotype is rare in Scandinavia, it seems to be dominant in Russia according to the only survey made so far.[18] This type has atypical chemistry and is devoid of resistance to the diamondback moth and the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum. The P-type belongs morphologically to the variety B. vulgaris var. arcuata, but may also be identical to the variety originally described as Barbarea arcuata Rchb. var. pubescens N. Busch. In this context, the usual type of B. vulgaris var. arcuata is called the "G-type" (for glabrous (hairless) leaves). This type is reported to be dominant in Central Europe.[18] On a genomic scale, more than 22.000 genes (89% of those tested) were found to have fixed differences between the two types.[19]

A chemotype with deviating glucosinolate content has been described from Western and Central Europe and named the "NAS-type" (because it is dominated by the glucosinolate glucoNASturtiin. This type has increased resistance to some specialized insects. In this context, the usual chemotype of B. vulgaris is called the "BAR" type (because it is dominated by glucoBARbarin).[20]

While the P-type and G-type differ in multiple genetic, chemical and morphological features, the NAS and BAR types seem to be a simple monogenic variation.[20] For this reason, it has been suggested to refer to NAS and BAR forms (from the lowest botanical rank forma) and P- and G-types. Indeed, occasional NAS form plants in Central Europe were found to be G-type by a set of genetic markers.[21]

Uses

The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.[22] The buds and flowers are also edible.[23] It can also be used as a dead-end trap crop for diamondback moth, the caterpillar of which is a pest on cruciferous plants like Cabbage.[24]

Subspecies

  • Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl) Fr.
  • Barbarea vulgaris var. brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud
  • Barbarea vulgaris var. longisiliquosa Carion
  • Barbarea vulgaris var. sylvestris Fr.

Gallery

  • Illustration of B. vulgaris from Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
    Illustration of B. vulgaris from Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
  • Plant of B. vulgaris
    Plant of B. vulgaris
  • Flowers of B. vulgaris
    Flowers of B. vulgaris
  • The lyre-pinnatifid leaf of B. vulgaris
    The lyre-pinnatifid leaf of B. vulgaris

See also

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T176585A42338497.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^
    PMID 19819983
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 21130479
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 20387830
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 1539329
    .
  6. PMID 21615154
    .
  7. PMID 21354584
    .
  8. PMID 12657300
    .
  9. ^ "Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  10. ^ Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris W.T.Aiton. Vol. 4. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  11. ^ Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris W.T.Aiton. Vol. 4. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  12. ^ a b c "Taxon: Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  13. ISBN 978-1-64336-264-9
    .
  14. JSTOR 40932067
    .
  15. ISBN 9780276002175
    .
  16. ^ Allen J. Coombes The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants, p. 65, at Google Books
  17. ^ Shelton, A. M. and B. A. Nault (2004) "Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth," Crop Protection 23: 497-503.
  18. ^
    S2CID 9809723
    .
  19. PMID 28094805
    .
  20. ^
    PMID 16777152
    .
  21. PMID 25277803
    .
  22. ISBN 0-394-50432-1
    .
  23. OCLC 244766414
    .
  24. PMID 24342111
    .

External links

Wikiversity has bloom time data for Barbarea vulgaris on the Bloom Clock
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