C and D-class destroyer

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For other classes of the same name, see C-class destroyer and D-class destroyer.

Class overview
NameC and D
Operators
Preceded byA- and B class
Succeeded byE and F class
SubclassesC, D
Built1930–1933
In commission1932–1945
Planned14
Completed14
Lost10
General characteristics (HMS Dainty as built)
TypeDestroyer
Displacement
Length329 ft (100.3 m) (o/a)
Beam33 ft (10.1 m)
Draught12 ft 6 in (3.8 m)
Installed power
  • 3 ×
    Admiralty 3-drum boilers
  • 36,000 
    kW
    )
Propulsion2 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbines
Speed36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph)
Range5,870 nmi (10,870 km; 6,760 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement145
Sensors and
processing systems
ASDIC
Armament

The C and D class was a group of 14 destroyers built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s. As in previous years, it was originally intended to order a complete flotilla comprising eight destroyers—plus a flotilla leader as the ninth unit—in each year. However, only four ships—plus a leader—were ordered under the 1929–1930 Programme as the C class. The other four ships planned for the C class were never ordered as an economy measure and disarmament gesture by the Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald. A complete flotilla—the 'D' class—was ordered under the 1930–1931 Programme.

The five ships of the C class were assigned to

Italian invasion of Abyssinia of 1935–1936 and enforced the Non-Intervention Agreement during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. They were transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) in 1937–1939 and spent most of their time during World War II on convoy escort duties in the Atlantic Ocean. Fraser (formerly Crescent) was sunk when she was accidentally rammed by the British cruiser HMS Calcutta in 1940. Ottawa (formerly Crusader) was sunk by a German submarine in 1942, though she had sunk an Italian submarine in 1940. The other ships of the class sank three German submarines during the war. They were all worn out by the end of the war and were scrapped
in 1946–1947.

The D-class destroyers were initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet upon

Norwegian Campaign
of April–June, but Delight was sunk by German aircraft in July and Diana was transferred to the RCN as a replacement for the Crescent after she was sunk by the cruiser Calcutta. However, she too was rammed and sunk several months later by a freighter that she was escorting.

The four ships that remained with the Mediterranean Fleet sank three Italian submarines in 1940 while escorting

paid off
in 1945. Duncan was scrapped in 1945 and Decoy during 1946.

Design and description

These ships were based on the preceding

minesweeping gear and ASDIC (sonar) capability between destroyer flotillas, the C class lacked ASDIC and were designed to carry only six depth charges. The D class were repeats of the C's, except that the TSDS was replaced by storage for up to 30 depth charges and ASDIC.[2]

The C- and D-class destroyers displaced 1,375 long tons (1,397 t) at

deep load. The ships had an overall length of 329 feet (100.3 m), a beam of 33 feet (10.1 m) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches (3.8 m). They were powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of 36,000 shaft horsepower (27,000 kW) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph).[3] Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of 300 psi (2,068 kPa; 21 kgf/cm2) and a temperature of 600 °F (316 °C). The destroyers carried a maximum of 473 long tons (481 t) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 5,500 nautical miles (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). Their complement was 145 officers and ratings.[1]

Kempenfelt, leader of the C class, displaced 15 long tons (15 t) more than her destroyers and carried an extra 30 personnel who formed the staff of the Captain (D), commanding officer of the flotilla.[4] Unique among the C and D-class ships, she had three Yarrow water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of 310 psi (2,137 kPa; 22 kgf/cm2).[1] Duncan, leader of the 'D' class, displaced 25 long tons (25 t) more than her destroyers and also carried an extra 30 personnel.[5]

All of the ships of the class mounted four 45-

QF 2-pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on the aft end of their forecastle deck. The D-class destroyers had been intended to carry the new QF 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) Mk III machine gun in quadruple mountings on the bridge wings, but these were not initially available, so the old 2-pounder guns were retained in Daring, Diana, Diamond and Defender. The 3-inch AA gun was removed in 1936–37, and the 2-pounders were relocated between the funnels on platforms The ships were fitted with two above-water quadruple mount for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedoes.[6]

The main guns were controlled by an

rangefinder. They had no capability for anti-aircraft fire and the anti-aircraft guns were aimed solely by eye.[7]

When purchased by Canada in 1937–38, the four C-class destroyers were refitted to meet Canadian specifications,

ASDIC.[9] It is not clear how much Kempenfelt had been modified when she was turned over in October 1939, other than steam heating had yet been fitted.[10]

Wartime modifications

Beginning in May 1940, the after bank of torpedo tubes was removed and replaced with a

QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss guns for use against U-boats at very close range.[11]

Most ships had their

mainmast.[11]

Ships

C class construction data
Name Builder[13]
Laid down[13]
 Launched[13] Completed[13] Fate
Kempenfelt J. Samuel White, Cowes 18 October 1930 29 October 1931 30 May 1932 To Canada as HMCS Assiniboine 1939, wrecked on Prince Edward Island, 10 November 1945; scrapped 1952[4]
Comet HM Dockyard, Portsmouth 12 September 1930 30 September 1931 2 June 1932 To Canada as HMCS Restigouche 1938, scrapped 1946[14]
Crusader 2 May 1932 To Canada as HMCS Ottawa 1938, torpedoed by the German submarine U-91, 13 September 1942[15]
Cygnet
Vickers Armstrongs, Barrow
 1 December 1930 29 September 1931 15 April 1932 To Canada as HMCS St. Laurent 1937; scrapped 1947[16]
Crescent 1 April 1934[13] To Canada as HMCS Fraser 1937, sunk in collision with HMS Calcutta, 25 June 1940[17]
D class construction data
Name Builder[18] Laid down[18] Launched[18] Completed[18] Fate
Duncan HM Dockyard, Portsmouth 25 September 1931 7 July 1932 31 March 1933 Scrapped, 1945[19]
Dainty
Fairfield, Govan
 20 April 1931 3 May 1932 22 December 1932 Bombed and sunk, 24 February 1941[20]
Daring
Woolston
 18 June 1931 7 April 1932 25 November 1932 Sunk by the German submarine U-23, 18 February 1940[20]
Decoy 25 June 1931 7 June 1932 17 January 1933 To Canada as HMCS Kootenay 1943; sold for scrap, 1946[21]
Defender Vickers Armstrongs, Barrow 22 June 1931 7 April 1932 31 October 1932 Bombed and sunk, 11 July 1941[22]
Delight Fairfield, Govan 22 April 1931 2 June 1932 31 January 1933 Bombed and sunk, 29 July 1940[23]
Diamond Vickers Armstrongs, Barrow 29 September 1931 8 April 1932 3 November 1932 Bombed and sunk, 27 April 1941[24]
Diana Palmers, Jarrow 12 June 1931 16 June 1932 21 December 1932 To Canada as HMCS Margaree 1940, sunk in collision with MV Port Fairy, 22 October 1940[25]
Duchess 19 July 1932 27 January 1933 Sunk in collision with HMS Barham, 12 December 1939

Service

HMCS Restigouche about 1942–43

All five of the C class were assigned to the

Western Approaches Command for escort duties.[26]

The remaining ships spent most of the rest of the war escorting convoys in the North Atlantic, based in either Canada or the UK. Ottawa assisted the British destroyer

VE Day until they were decommissioned in late 1945. All three were broken up in 1946–47.[26]

Upon commissioning in 1932–33, the D class formed the 1st Destroyer Flotilla assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet. The flotilla toured the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea in September–November 1933. After refitting in the UK during 1934, the flotilla was transferred to the China Station, arriving at Hong Kong in January 1935 and renumbered as the 8th Destroyer Flotilla. Most of the flotilla was sent to the Red Sea during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935–36. They returned to the Hong Kong in mid-1936 and remained there until World War II began. Diamond was in the midst of a refit that lasted until November, but the rest of the flotilla was immediately transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet. Daring was kept in the Red Sea for escort duties until November, but the rest of the flotilla was used on contraband patrol duties upon arrival. They all needed repairs which were made before the end of the year.[28]

Duncan, Diana, Duchess, Delight and Daring were transferred to the Home Fleet in December 1939, although Duchess was rammed and sunk on 10 December by the

Norwegian Campaign in April–June. While attempting to sail through the English Channel in daylight, contrary to orders, Delight was sunk by German aircraft on 29 July. After a brief refit in July–August, Diana was transferred to the RCN to replace HMCS Fraser which had been sunk in a collision by a Royal Navy cruiser. Recommissioned on 6 September and renamed HMCS Margaree, the ship was assigned to convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic. On 22 October, she was sunk in a collision with the freighter MV Port Fairy.[28]

The remaining four ships of the flotilla were briefly assigned to

commerce raiders. They were all recalled to the Mediterranean in April–May in anticipation of Italian entry into the war. Decoy, Defender, and Dainty sank two Italian submarines, Dainty sinking one more with the destroyer Ilex in June, before they participated in the Battle of Calabria early the following month.[28] Diamond joined her sisters in late July and all four ships escorted convoys and the ships of the Mediterranean Fleet for the rest of the year. Duncan joined Force H at Gibraltar in October and participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento together with Diamond and Defender in November. Decoy had been damaged by aircraft earlier that month and was under repair until February 1941.[28]

While patrolling the North African coast on 24 February with the destroyer

Vichy French-controlled Syria and Lebanon in June, she joined Decoy in escorting convoys to Tobruk and was badly damaged when returning from one of these missions. The ship was attacked by a single German Junkers Ju 88 bomber on 11 July and had to be scuttled by her consort, the Australian destroyer Vendetta. Duncan rejoined Force H that same month and she escorted several major convoys to Malta before returning to the UK in October for a lengthy refit. Decoy was damaged in a collision in December and was repaired at Malta until February 1942.[28]

Decoy was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in March and was escorting Force B when the

Diego Suarez, in early May. She, too, was recalled to the UK to be modified as an escort destroyer.[28]

HMCS Ottawa about 1942–43

Decoy was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy on 1 March 1943 during her conversion and was recommissioned on 12 April with the new name of HMCS Kootenay (the ship was gifted to the Canadians on 15 June). After working up, she was assigned to

Western Approaches Command, conducting anti-submarine operations, for the rest of the war. Kootenay was tasked to protect Allied shipping in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay and, together with other ships, she sank U-678 in the English Channel on 7 July 1944, U-621 in the Bay of Biscay on 18 August, and, two days later, U-984 west of Brest.[29]

After a lengthy refit in Canada from October 1944 to February 1945, Kootenay returned to the UK and was assigned to the Western Approaches Command until the end of the war. She then transported returning troops in Canada until paid off in October. She was sold for scrap in 1946. Duncan was paid off in May and sold in July although she was not completely broken up until 1949.[29]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 30 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Lenton, p. 154
  2. ^ Friedman, pp. 205–215, 298–299
  3. ^ Whitley, pp. 26, 102
  4. ^ a b Whitley, p. 27
  5. ^ Whitley, p. 101
  6. ^ Lenton, pp. 154–55
  7. ^ Hodges and Friedman, pp. 12, 17
  8. ^ Douglas, p. 52
  9. ^ Brown, p. 164
  10. ^ Douglas, p. 65
  11. ^ a b c Lenton, pp. 154–56
  12. ^ Friedman, pp. 236–37
  13. ^ a b c d e English, p. 45
  14. ^ English, p. 47
  15. ^ English, p. 49
  16. ^ English, p. 50
  17. ^ English, p. 48
  18. ^ a b c d English, p. 51
  19. ^ English, p. 53
  20. ^ a b English, p. 54
  21. ^ English, p. 56
  22. ^ English, p. 57
  23. ^ English, p. 58
  24. ^ English, p. 59
  25. ^ English, p. 60
  26. ^ a b English, pp. 45–50
  27. ^ Douglas, pp. 568–70
  28. ^ a b c d e f English, pp. 51–60
  29. ^ a b c English, pp. 53, 56
  30. ^ Rohwer, p. 283

References

External links
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