HMS Barham (04)
Barham underway at low speed, mid-1930s
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History | |
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United Kingdom | |
Name | Barham |
Namesake | Admiral Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham |
Builder | John Brown & Company, Clydebank |
Yard number | 424 |
Laid down | 24 February 1913 |
Launched | 31 December 1914 |
Commissioned | 19 October 1915 |
Identification | Pennant number: 04 |
Fate | Sunk by U-331, 25 November 1941 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Class and type | Queen Elizabeth-class battleship |
Displacement | 32,590 long tons (33,113 t) |
Length | 643 ft 9 in (196.2 m) |
Beam | 90 ft 7 in (27.6 m) |
Draught | 33 ft (10.1 m) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion | 4 shafts; 2 steam turbine sets |
Speed | 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) |
Range | 5,000 nmi (9,260 km; 5,750 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
Complement | 1,016 (1916) |
Armament |
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Armour |
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HMS Barham was one of five
During the 1920s and 1930s, the ship was assigned to the
She participated in the
Design and description
The Queen Elizabeth-class ships were designed to form a fast
Barham had a
Armament and fire-control
The Queen Elizabeth class was equipped with eight
Barham was completed with two
Protection and aircraft
The
The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch. During her early-1930s refit, the platforms were removed from the turrets and a retractable catapult was installed on the roof of 'X' turret, along with a crane to recover a floatplane. This was initially a Fairey IIIF until it was replaced by a Fairey Swordfish in 1938.[7]
Major alterations
Barham received a series of minor refits during the 1920s. In 1921–1922, 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinders replaced the smaller ones in 'B' and 'X' turrets.
The ship was extensively refitted between January 1931 and January 1934 at a cost of £424,000. During this refit, the aft superstructure was rebuilt and the torpedo-control tower and its rangefinder were removed, together with the aft set of torpedo tubes. The fore funnel was trunked into the aft funnel to reduce smoke in the spotting top. A
The turret roofs were reinforced to a thickness of 5 inches (127 mm) and the armour added over the magazines after Jutland was replaced by 4 inches of Krupp non-cemented armour, the first British battleship to receive such. In addition, the rear of the six-inch gun casemates was enclosed by a 1.5-inch (38 mm) bulkhead. Underwater protection was improved by the addition of
Later alterations included replacing the single mounts of the AA guns with twin mounts for the
Construction and career
The Queen Elizabeth class was ordered as part of the 1912 Naval Programme and the contract for Barham was awarded to
First World War
Barham joined the
The Grand Fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February 1916; Jellicoe had intended to use the
Battle of Jutland
In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, 6
When dawn broke Beatty ordered his forces into cruising formation with the 5th Battle Squadron trailing his battle cruisers by five nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi). At 14:15, Beatty ordered a turn
Hipper's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 15:20, but Beatty's ships did not see the Germans to their east until 15:30. Two minutes later, Beatty ordered a course change to east-southeast, positioning the British ships to cut off the German's line of retreat, and signalled
The light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group were the first German ships visible to Evan-Thomas's ships and Barham opened fire on them at 15:58 until the cruisers disappeared into their own smoke screen at around 16:05.[33] About three minutes later, the ship opened fire on the battlecruiser SMS von der Tann at a range of about 23,000 yards (21,000 m).[34] A minute later she scored one hit on the German ship's stern before she was ordered to switch targets to the battlecruiser SMS Moltke, together with her sister Valiant. The shell struck just below the waterline and burst on impact with the belt armour. The impact was right on the joints between several armour plates and drove them inwards and destroyed part of the hull behind them. The damage allowed over 1,000 long tons (1,016 t) of water to flood the stern and nearly knocked out the ship's steering gear. Between them, Barham and Valiant hit Moltke four times from 16:16 to 16:26, but only one of those hits can be attributed to Valiant. Two of the others detonated upon striking the waterline armour, but failed to penetrate. The impacts drove in the plates and fragments caused much flooding by damaging the surrounding structure. The last shell passed all the way through the ship without detonating; it struck and dislodged a 100-millimetre (3.9 in) armour plate on the waterline on the other side of the ship that caused also some flooding. Barham was herself was struck twice during the "Run to the South": the first was a 28.3-centimetre (11 in) shell from von der Tann that failed to do any damage when it hit the waterline armour and the battlecruiser SMS Lützow fired a 30.5-centimetre (12 in) shell that detonated in the aft superstructure. This sent splinters in every direction and started a small fire, but otherwise did no significant damage.[35]
At 16:30, the light cruiser Southampton, scouting in front of Beatty's ships, spotted the lead elements of the High Seas Fleet coming north at top speed. Three minutes later, she sighted the topmasts of Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer's battleships, but did not report this for another five minutes. Beatty continued south for another two minutes to confirm the sighting before ordering his force to turn north, towards the Grand Fleet in what came to be known as the "Run to the North".[36] His order only applied to his own forces; the 5th Battle Squadron continued south until after it passed Beatty heading northwestwards at 16:51. Beatty then ordered Evan-Thomas to turn his ships in succession to follow the battlecruisers three minutes later. This meant that they were some 4,000 yards (3,700 m) closer to the rapidly advancing High Sea Fleet. And now within range of the battleships of the 3rd Squadron which opened fire on the 5th Battle Squadron as they made their turn.[Note 5]
Evan-Thomas continued his turn until his ships were steering due north, which interposed the 5th Battle Squadron between Hipper's battlecruisers,
Beatty in the meantime had turned further west to open up the range between his battered battlecruisers and the Germans. At 17:45 he turned eastwards to take his position in front of the Grand Fleet and re-engage Hipper's ships. This meant that the 5th Battle Squadron and the light cruisers were the sole targets available for the German ships until after his turn, although the worsening visibility hampered both sides' shooting. Barham was not hit during this time and she and Valiant, later joined by their sister Warspite, continued to fire at Hipper's 1st Scouting Group until 18:02 when Valiant lost sight of the Germans. They hit Lützow, Derfflinger and Seydlitz three times each between 17:19 and about 18:05. Lützow was only slightly damaged by these hits, which essentially only knocked out the primary and back-up wireless rooms while the shells that hit Derfflinger hit the side of the ship's bow, knocking off several armour plates, while fragments opened holes that ultimately allowed roughly 2,000 tonnes (1,968 long tons) of water to enter the bow. One of these hits also started several major fires inside the hull. The hits on Seydlitz mostly opened up more holes that facilitated the flooding.[44]
Hipper turned his ships southward around 18:05 to fall back upon Scheer's advancing battleships and then reversed course five minutes later. Evan-Thomas turned northeast at around 18:06 and then made a slow turn to the southeast once he spotted the Grand Fleet. He first spotted the battleship
Barham fired 337 fifteen-inch shells and 25 six-inch shells during the battle. The number of hits cannot be confirmed, but it is believed that she and Valiant made 23 or 24 hits between them, making them two of the most accurate warships in the British fleet. She was hit six times during the battle, five times by 30.5 cm shells and once by a 28.3 cm shell, suffering casualties of 26 killed and 46 wounded.[46]
Subsequent activity
Following Jutland, Barham was under repair until 5 July 1916.
She was refitted at Cromarty between February and March 1917[47] and King George V inspected the ship on 22 June at Invergordon.[49] Barham was refitted at Rosyth from 7–23 February 1918[50] and Waller was relieved by Captain Henry Buller on 18 April. The latter was succeeded by Captain Richard Horne on 1 October. She was present when the High Seas Fleet surrendered for internment on 21 November.[51]
Between the wars
Barham became flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron of the
Between January 1931 and January 1934, Barham underwent a major refit. While the other four ships of the Queen Elizabeth class were given a second, more extensive refit in the mid-to-late 1930s (which for Warspite, Valiant and
Barham served as the flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron from November 1936 to May 1937 and participated in the Coronation Fleet Review for King George VI on 19 May at Spithead. She became the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet on 9 June until relieved by Warspite on 8 February 1938.[54] Captain Henry Horan assumed command on 28 July 1937, although he only remained in command until 22 April 1938 when he was relieved by Captain Algernon Willis.[60] The ship resumed her former role as flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron in February 1938 while undergoing a refit at Portsmouth that lasted until May.[54] Willis was relieved by Captain Thomas Walker on 31 January 1939. During a port visit to Corfu in July, the ship was visited by King George II of Greece.[61]
Second World War
Barham remained part of the Mediterranean Fleet at the outbreak of the
Barham, the
Captain Geoffrey Cooke assumed command on 25 March
Operation Menace
Force M departed Freetown for Dakar on 21 September and had arrived Dakar before dawn two days later. After Free French emissaries were either captured or driven off by the
After the expiration of an ultimatum to surrender the following morning, the battleships engaged the port's 24-centimetre (9.4 in) coast-defence guns and Richelieu at 09:30. The latter was only struck by a single shell splinter before the Allies broke off the bombardment at 10:07, although she had hit Barham once with a 155 mm (6.1 in) shell[74] that blew a hole 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter in the bulge.[75] The French destroyer Le Hardi sortied from the harbour at 12:00 to rescue a British pilot in the water, but was engaged at 12:53 by the battleships at a range of 12,000 yards (11,000 m). The ship was not hit, but was forced to return to port under the cover of a heavy smoke screen. The British battleships then switched targets to bombard the harbour and Richelieu. They set several merchant ships on fire, but again failed to hit the latter at a range of 17,000 yards (15,500 m) before breaking off fire at 13:20.[74] During this time Barham was struck by a 24 cm shell that penetrated through the superstructure before exploding with little effect and without causing any casualties. Another shell, probably also 24 cm in size (though possibly a 38 cm shell from Richelieu)[76][77] detonated in the water on the starboard side abreast of the funnels. The resulting shockwave pushed the bulge inwards for a length of 7 feet (2.1 m) and it started to slowly flood.[75]
After a conference aboard Barham later that day, the Allied commanders resolved to continue the attack. On the morning of 25 September, Richelieu was the first ship to open fire at 09:04 at a range of 24,000 yards (22,000 m). As the British battleships were manoeuvring to take up their positions, the submarine
Barham, two cruisers, and three destroyers also assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet were designated Force F as part of Operation Coat, one of a complex series of fleet movements in the Mediterranean. The battleship and the other ships of Force F were tasked to ferry troops to Malta, before continuing on to Alexandria.[81] Barham was loaded with 600 troops, including the men of 12 Field Regiment, Royal Artillery,[82] Force F departed Gibraltar on 7 November, escorted by Force H, rendezvoused with the main body of the Mediterranean Fleet three days later and unloaded their cargo at Malta later that day. While sailing eastwards, the aircraft carrier Illustrious was detached from the main body to attack Taranto on the night of 11/12 November, damaging three Italian battleships. Barham, now assigned to the 1st BS, and Malaya were detached to refuel at Souda Bay, Crete, before sailing for Alexandria, reaching there on 14 November.[83] As part of Operation Collar in late November, Barham, Malaya and the carrier HMS Eagle covered the forces rendezvousing with a convoy coming from Gibraltar. En route, Eagle's aircraft attacked Tripoli on 26 November.[84] Barham became the flagship of the 1st BS in December.[54]
1941
On 3 January 1941, the ship, together with Warspite and Valiant, bombarded Bardia as a prelude to the Battle of Bardia. On 26 March, the Italian fleet sortied in an attempt to intercept British convoys to Greece. The British had recently broken the Italian codes and sailed after dark on the 27th to intercept the Italians. The following morning, they were spotted by an aircraft from the carrier Formidable and the Battle of Cape Matapan began. Multiple air strikes by Formidable's Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers damaged the battleship Vittorio Veneto and crippled the heavy cruiser Pola later that evening. Admiral Angelo Iachino, commander of the Italian fleet, ordered the two other heavy cruisers of the 1st Division to render assistance to Pola in the darkness. The Italian ships and the British arrived almost simultaneously at Pola's location, but the Italians had almost no clue that the British were nearby. On the other hand, the British knew exactly where the Italians were, thanks to their radar-equipped ships.[85] They opened fire at point-blank range, Barham crippling the destroyer Alfredo Oriani and then joining Warspite and Valiant in crippling Zara.[86]
In mid-April she escorted the fast transport
Sinking
On the afternoon of 24 November 1941, the 1st Battle Squadron, Barham, Queen Elizabeth, and Valiant, with an escort of eight destroyers, departed Alexandria to cover the
There was no time for evasive action, and three of the four torpedoes struck amidships so closely together as to throw up a single massive water column. Barham quickly capsized to port and was lying on her side when a massive magazine explosion occurred about four minutes after she was torpedoed and sank her. The Board of Enquiry into the sinking ascribed the final explosion to a fire in the 4-inch magazines outboard of the main 15-inch magazines, which would have then spread to and detonated the contents of the main magazines.[91] Due to the speed at which she sank, 862 officers and ratings were killed,[54][92] including two who died of their wounds after being rescued. The destroyer Hotspur rescued 337 survivors, including Vice-Admiral Henry Pridham-Wippell and the pair who later died of their wounds, while the Australian destroyer Nizam reportedly rescued 150 men.[93][Note 6] Captain Geoffrey Cooke went down with his ship.[96] The sinking was captured on film by a cameraman from Pathé News, aboard Valiant.[97]
Aftermath
To conceal the sinking from the Germans and to protect British morale, the Board of Admiralty censored all news of Barham's sinking. After a delay of several weeks the War Office notified the next of kin, but they added a special request for secrecy: the notification letters included a warning not to discuss the loss of the ship with anyone but close relatives, stating it was "most essential that information of the event which led to the loss of your husband's life should not find its way to the enemy until such time as it is announced officially..."[98] Following repeated claims by German radio,[99] the Admiralty officially announced the loss on 27 January 1942 and explained that
it was clear at that time that the enemy did not know that she had been sunk, and it was important to make certain dispositions before the loss of this ship was made public.[94]
It was not until the Admiralty admitted that Barham had been sunk and described the circumstances that Tiesenhausen knew that he had sunk her. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross that day.[100] The Barham's crew are commemorated by a memorial bench, located in Nothe Gardens, Weymouth.[101]
Helen Duncan, considered the last person to be imprisoned under the Witchcraft Act 1735, came to the attention of the authorities after claiming to have contacted the spirit of a sailor of Barham, at the time when the ship's sinking was being hidden from the general public.[102]
Notes
- ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
- ^ Curiously, Preston, Silverstone, and Parkes all give a launch date of 31 October;[16][17][20] however contemporary reference books such as Jane's Fighting Ships and other modern sources such as Lenton, Colledge and http://clydeships.co.uk agree with the 31 December 1914 date.
- ^ The times used in this section are in UT, one hour behind CET, which is often used in German works.
- ^ Gordon devotes a whole chapter to this issue as the various accounts cannot be reconciled with the surviving records.[30]
- ^ This is another problematic issue in which sources differ to which Gordon devotes an entire chapter.[37]
- Jurgen Rohwer says 450.[92]
Citations
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 277
- ^ Parkes, pp. 560–561
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 284–285, 287
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 284–285, 288–289
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 20–21, 30
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 21, 26
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 30, 197, 203
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 290
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 137
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 197
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 129, 197, 200
- ^ Campbell 1980, p. 7
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 203
- ^ Burt 2012a, p. 75
- ^ Burt 2012a, p. 85; Raven & Roberts, pp. 203, 205
- ^ a b Preston, p. 33
- ^ a b Silverstone, p. 216
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 284
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 17
- ^ Parkes, p. 562
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 285
- ^ Jones, pp. 19, 21, 265
- ^ Jellicoe, pp. 249, 253
- ^ Jellicoe, pp. 257–258; Jones, pp. 26–29
- ^ Jellicoe, pp. 271, 275, 279–80, 284, 286–290
- ^ Gordon, pp. 48–49
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 54–55, 57–58
- ^ Gordon, p. 64
- ^ Gordon, p. 67, 74–77, 81–82, 85
- ^ Gordon, pp. 81–101
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 69, 71, 75
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 34–35, 39
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 43–46
- ^ Gordon, pp. 113–115
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 49, 76–77, 85–90
- ^ Massie, pp. 598–600
- ^ Gordon, pp. 129–151
- ^ Gordon, pp. 404–407
- ^ Brooks, p. 250
- ^ Gordon, pp. 143–144
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 100, 126–129
- ^ Gordon, p. 410
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 138–139
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 101–102, 108–110, 115–116, 134–142
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 147, 153, 158, 165
- ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 340, 346, 349, 354–355, 358
- ^ a b Preston, p. 34
- ^ Massie, pp. 682–684
- ^ Jones, p. 51
- ^ Campbell 1972, p. 42
- ^ Jones, pp. 79–81, 265
- ^ Burt 2012a, p. 134
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jones, p. 265
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Burt 2012a, p. 135
- ^ Jones, pp. 115–116
- ^ Jones, pp. 121–122
- ^ Campbell 1980, p. 8
- ^ Jones, pp. 127–131
- ^ Jones, pp. 135–136, 139, 149, 265
- ^ Jones, pp. 151, 265
- ^ Jones, pp. 164, 265
- ^ Jones, pp. 169, 172
- ^ English, p. 60
- ^ Blair, p. 125
- ^ Whitley, p. 103
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 343
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 205
- ^ Jones, pp. 190, 192
- ^ Rohwer, p. 38
- ^ Jones, p. 195
- ^ Jordan & Dumas, p. 141
- ^ Jones, pp. 197–198
- ^ Jordan & Dumas, pp. 141–142
- ^ a b Jordan & Dumas, p. 143
- ^ a b Director of Naval Construction
- ^ "HM Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action in World War II".
- ^ Jordan & Dumas, pp. 410-411
- ^ Jordan & Dumas, pp. 144–147
- ^ Jones, pp. 201–206
- ^ Admiralty Historical Section, p. 6
- ^ Admiralty Historical Section, p. 7
- ^ Jones, p. 206
- ^ Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 10–13
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 49–50
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 54, 65–66
- ^ Jones, p. 212
- ^ Rohwer, p. 72
- ^ Jones, pp. 219–220; Raven & Roberts, p. 359; Shores, Cull & Malizia, pp. 377, 386
- ^ Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 201–202
- ^ Jones, pp. 225–232
- ^ Jones, pp. 258–259
- ^ a b Rohwer, p. 118
- ^ Jones, pp. 242–243
- ^ a b Jones, p. 262
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 360
- ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- YouTube
- ^ Donald, p. 48
- ^ "Nazi Radio Claims HMS Barham Sunk". Dundee Courier. 14 January 1942. p. 3. Retrieved 28 May 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Williamson, pp. 10–11
- ^ "H.M.S. Barham Survivors 25-4-82". OpenBenches. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ Edmunds, Simeon. (1966). Spiritualism: A Critical Survey. Aquarian Press, pp. 137–144
References
- Admiralty Historical Section (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. Whitehall Histories, Naval Staff Histories. Vol. II : November 1940 – December 1941. London: Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.
- ISBN 0-304-35260-8.
- Brooks, John (2005). Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle of Jutland. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40788-5.
- Burt, R. A. (2012a). British Battleships, 1919–1939 (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.
- Burt, R. A. (2012b). British Battleships of World War One (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-863-7.
- Campbell, John (1972). Queen Elizabeth Class. Warship Monographs. Vol. II. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-052-5.
- Campbell, N. J. M. (1980). "Great Britain". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 2–85. ISBN 0-8317-0303-2.
- Campbell, N. J. M. (1986). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-324-5.
- Donald, Graeme (2009). Loose Cannons: 101 Things They Never Told You About Military History. Oxford, UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-377-3.
- English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.
- Gordon, Andrew (2012). The Rules of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-336-9.
- H. M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action 3rd September 1939 to 2nd September 1945 (PDF). London: Director of Naval Construction: Admiralty. 1952. OCLC 38570200. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- OCLC 13614571.
- Jones, Geoffrey P. (1979). Battleship Barham. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0416-0.
- Jordan, John & Dumas, Robert (2009). French Battleships: 1922–1956. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-416-8.
- ISBN 0-679-45671-6.
- ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
- ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-817-4.
- ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Malizia, Nicola (1987). Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-07-0.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Tarrant, V. E. (1999) [1995]. Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-917-8.
- ISBN 1-55750-184-X.
- ISBN 1-84176-642-9.
Further reading
- Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918. New York: Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-300-1.
- Hodgkinson, Hugh (1944). Before the Tide Turned. London: George G. Harrap.
External links
- www.hmsbarham.com – Site of HMS Barham Association
- Article in World War II magazine about the sinking of HMS Barham and its connection to the witchcraft trial of Helen Duncan
- Maritimequest HMS Barham Photo Gallery
- Captain Terry Herrick – Daily Telegraph obituary
- HMS Barham Explodes & Sinks: World War II (1941) - archive footage captured by British Pathé News cameraman, John Turner