Revenge-class battleship
Royal Sovereign at Philadelphia, September 1943
| |
Class overview | |
---|---|
Name | Revenge class |
Operators | |
Preceded by | Queen Elizabeth class |
Succeeded by |
|
Built | 1913–1917 |
In commission | 1916–1949 |
Planned | 8 |
Completed | 5 |
Cancelled | 3 |
Lost | 1 |
Retired | 4 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Type | Dreadnought battleship |
Displacement | |
Length | 620 ft 7 in (189.2 m) |
Beam | 88 ft 6 in (27 m) |
Draught | 33 ft 7 in (10.2 m) ( Deep load ) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 4 shafts; 2 steam turbine sets |
Speed | 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) |
Range | 7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
Crew | 940 (1917) |
Armament |
|
Armour |
|
The Revenge class, sometimes referred to as the Royal Sovereign class or the R class, consisted of five
Two of the ships,
The ships saw extensive action during the
Design and description
In the early 1900s, Germany challenged Britain in a naval arms race under the direction of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz that was exacerbated by the dreadnought revolution. The Royal Navy embarked on a construction programme to out-build the Germans to maintain its dominance of the seas. Beginning with the launch of Dreadnought, the British had built or laid down twenty-seven all-big-gun battleships to the Germans' seventeen built or building by 1913; to cement their lead, the British ordered another group of battleships for the 1913 Estimates.[1]
The Revenge-class ships (sometimes referred to as the "Royal Sovereign class"
The initial design completed by d'Eyncourt's team mounted only eight 15 in guns, despite the request from the Board, since he could not fit the fifth twin-gun turret in the specified displacement limit. The Board suggested triple turrets to solve the weight problem, but d'Eyncourt pointed out that no suitable design existed, which would significantly delay construction. He was also opposed to the idea since a single hit on a turret would disable more guns. As a result, the Board approved d'Eyncourt's proposal on 31 March 1913.[5]
General characteristics and propulsion
The ships of the Revenge class were 580 feet 3 inches (176.9 m)
Their crew numbered between 909 and 940 officers and ratings in 1917; by the early 1920s, the number of crew had grown to 1,012 to 1,240. Each battleship carried a number of smaller boats, including a variety of steam and sail pinnaces, steam launches, cutters, whalers, dinghies, and rafts. These were handled by five boat derricks. The ships were fitted with eight searchlights, four on the bridge, two at the base of the funnel and two on the after superstructure.[9]
They were powered by two sets of
The turbines were rated at 40,000
Armament and fire control
The Revenge class was equipped with eight
The ships'
The ships also mounted four
The Revenge-class ships were completed with two
Flying-off platforms were fitted on all the ships on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918. Between them the ships carried two fighters and eight reconnaissance aircraft. These platforms were removed as the ships were refitted in the early 1930s. Resolution was briefly fitted with an aircraft catapult on the quarterdeck in early 1930 and Royal Sovereign had one in 1933–1936. All of the ships except Revenge and Royal Sovereign were equipped with a catapult atop 'X' turret in the mid-1930s. Resolution kept hers until late 1942 or early 1943.[21]
Protection
The ships'
Anti-torpedo Bulges
Ramillies was the least advanced in construction when the Director of Naval Construction decided to fit bulges to the ship to improve her survivability against
Resolution and Revenge were fitted with a different form of bulge in 1917–1918 that was intended to improve their stability as well as protect them against underwater threats. This discarded the crushing tubes to save weight and was only a single watertight compartment deep. It was divided into upper and lower compartments, of which the upper was filled with a mixture of concrete and scrap wood while the lower was empty. The bulge increased their beam to about 101 feet 5 inches (30.9 m), reduced their draught by 16 inches (41 cm) and increased their displacement by 1,526 long tons (1,550 t).[25][26]
Yet another form of bulge was installed aboard Royal Sovereign during her 1920–1924 refit. Based on the preceding form, the upper compartment was enlarged so that it extended above the waterline and crush tubes replaced the concrete and wood mixture. This weighed 1,474 long tons (1,498 t). Reports had been received from the bulged ships of excessive rolling and the Admiralty Experiment Works conducted experiments to determine the best form of a bulge to eliminate the problem in conjunction with improved bilge keels. Royal Oak was the only ship of the class lacking a bulge by this time. When fitted during her 1922–1924 refit, her bulges were mostly empty, although their lower compartments were partially filled with water. They also extended much further up the side of the ship. This form of the bulge increased her metacentric height to 5.5 feet (1.7 m). Ramillies's bulges were modified during her 1926–1927 to a form much like those of Royal Oak; all of her crush tubes were removed, except those abreast of the magazines. Resolution had the concrete and wood mixture removed from her bulge and the lower compartment partially filled with water during her 1929–1931 refit; the same was done for Revenge during her 1931 refit.[27][26]
Ships in class
Name | Pennant | Builder[28] | Laid down[28]
|
Launched[28] | Commissioned[28] | Fate[29] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Revenge (ex-Renown) | 06 | Vickers | 22 December 1913 | 29 May 1915 | 1 February 1916 | Broken up at Inverkeithing, 1948 |
Resolution | 09 | Palmers | 29 November 1913 | 14 January 1915 | 30 December 1916 | Broken up at Faslane, 1949 |
Royal Oak | 08 | HM Dockyard, Devonport | 15 January 1914 | 17 November 1914 | 1 May 1916 | Sunk at Scapa Flow, October 1939 |
Royal Sovereign | 05 | HM Dockyard, Portsmouth | 29 April 1915 | 18 April 1916 | Transferred to the Soviet Navy as Arkhangelsk 1944–1949; Broken up at Inverkeithing, 1949 | |
Ramillies | 07 | W. Beardmore | 12 November 1913 | 12 June 1916 | 1 September 1917 | Broken up at Troon, 1949 |
Resistance | — | HM Dockyard, Devonport | — | — | — | Cancelled, August 1914 |
Renown | — | Redesigned as a Renown-class battlecruiser | ||||
Repulse | Redesigned as a Renown-class battlecruiser |
Service history
First World War
Three members of the class entered service by May 1916: Revenge, Royal Sovereign, and Royal Oak. Revenge was assigned to the 6th Division of the 1st Battle Squadron (BS), Grand Fleet, while Royal Oak initially served with the 3rd Division, 4th Battle Squadron.[30] Royal Sovereign was left in port when the fleet sortied to meet the German High Seas Fleet off the coast of Jutland in late May, as her crew had not fully worked up by that time.[31] During the ensuing Battle of Jutland, both Revenge and Royal Oak engaged German battlecruisers, Revenge damaging two of them—SMS Derfflinger and SMS Von der Tann—while Royal Oak scored a hit on a third—SMS Seydlitz. Revenge was forced to turn away to avoid torpedoes that damaged her squadron flagship and caused her squadron to lose contact with the rest of the fleet. Royal Oak remained with the main fleet for the duration of the action. Both ships emerged from the battle unscathed.[32]
All three ships were present for the
After German forces began raiding British convoys to Norway in late 1917, the Grand Fleet began sending a battle squadron to cover them, prompting the Germans to attempt to ambush and destroy the isolated squadron in April 1918. German radio silence prevented the British from learning of the operation in advance, as they had at Jutland, though faulty German intelligence did not provide the correct date of the convoy. By the time the British realized the Germans were at sea, the High Seas Fleet had withdrawn far enough south so that the Grand Fleet could not catch them.[35][36] On 21 November, following the Armistice, the entire Grand Fleet left port to escort the surrendered German fleet into internment at Scapa Flow.[37]
Interwar period
Through the 1920s and 1930s, the Revenge-class battleships operated as a unit, alternating between the
As the Revenges were refitted during the 1920s, their forecastle-deck six-inch guns were removed and they exchanged their pair of three-inch AA guns for QF four-inch (102 mm) Mk V guns, another pair of Mk V guns was added later. Each ship received an anti-aircraft control position with a 12-foot (3.7 m) rangefinder on its foremast, except for Revenge which was fitted with an anti-aircraft director HACS Mk I system instead. In addition the torpedo-control arrangements were improved and equipped with 12-foot rangefinders.[42]
After a stint in the Atlantic Fleet in 1921, the ships briefly returned to the Mediterranean in September 1922 during a crisis in
The ships remained in the Atlantic until 1927, when they once again transferred to the Mediterranean. The Revenges and Queen Elizabeths again traded places in 1935, and the five Revenge-class ships were present for the
Second World War
With the start of war in August 1939, Revenge and Resolution were assigned to the Channel Force, based in
Resolution took part in the
Wartime changes to the battleships were generally limited to augmenting their deck armour, their anti-aircraft suites and the addition of radars. Each ship received a pair of quadruple two-pounder mounts and anywhere from 10 (Revenge and Resolution) to 42 (Royal Sovereign)
In late 1940, Revenge and Royal Sovereign returned to convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic, and Ramillies joined them in January 1941 after completing a refit. During this period, Ramillies discouraged the two German
In late 1943, Revenge and Resolution were recalled to Britain, owing to their poor condition; the former carried Prime Minister
See also
- Project Catherine
Notes
- ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
Footnotes
- ^ Preston, pp. 18–34, 134–136, 145–147.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 31.
- ^ Smith 2008, p. 451.
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 300–302, 309.
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 300.
- ^ a b Burt 2012a, p. 156.
- ^ a b Burt 2012b, pp. 304–305.
- ^ a b Raven & Roberts, p. 36.
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 305.
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 305, 308–309.
- ^ a b Burt 2012b, pp. 305, 309.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 37.
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 302–303.
- ^ Friedman 2011, pp. 43–47.
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 302.
- ^ Friedman 2011, p. 84.
- ^ a b Burt 2012b, p. 304.
- ^ "Revenge Class Battleship (1914)". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 33.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 44.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 44, 167–168, 170, 173, 177, 182, 189.
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 303–308.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 36, 44.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 35, 139.
- ^ a b Raven & Roberts, p. 35.
- ^ a b c Burt 2012b, p. 308.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 36, 139, 167–168.
- ^ a b c d Preston, p. 35.
- ^ Preston, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Jellicoe, p. 318.
- ^ Massie, p. 576.
- ^ Campbell, pp. 205, 207–209, 211–216, 220–226, 235.
- ^ Friedman 2014, pp. 174–176.
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 308, 317–320.
- ^ Massie, pp. 747–748.
- ^ Friedman 2014, pp. 176–177.
- ^ Smith 2009, p. 10.
- ^ a b Burt 2012b, p. 320.
- ^ Halpern, pp. 129–130, 174–175, 198–200, 239, 243, 269–272.
- ^ Smith 2009, p. 13.
- ^ Halpern, pp. 198–199, 237, 251, 268.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 137–140, 144–145.
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 316–320.
- ^ McCartney, pp. 78–80.
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 132–134.
- ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 312–320.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 166–168, 170, 172–173, 177, 182.
- ^ Levy, p. 9.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 185.
- ^ a b c d e Burt 2012b, pp. 317–320.
- ^ Levy, p. 22.
- ^ Johnston, pp. 111–116, 154–155.
- ^ Brown, pp. 102, 112–114.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 344, 346.
- ^ Smith 2008, p. 105.
- ^ a b Smith 2008, pp. 156–158.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 166, 185, 189.
- ^ Johnston, p. 121.
- ^ Smith 2008, pp. 287, 297.
- ^ Jackson, pp. 293, 295–296, 298.
- ^ Burt 2012b, p. 318.
- ^ Smith 2008, pp. 354–356, 360.
- ^ Daniel, pp. 98–99.
References
- Brown, David (2000). Naval Operations of the Campaign in Norway, April–June 1940. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5119-4.
- Burt, R. A. (2012a). British Battleships, 1919–1939 (2nd ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.
- Burt, R. A. (2012b). British Battleships of World War One (2nd ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-863-7.
- Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1.
- Daniel, R. J. (2003). The End of An Era: The Memoirs of A Naval Constructor. Penzance: Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-18-9.
- ISBN 978-1-84832-189-2.
- Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
- Gardiner, Leslie (1965). The Royal Oak Courts Martial. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. OCLC 794019632.
- ISBN 978-1-4094-2756-8.
- Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-417-1.
- OCLC 162593478.
- Johnston, Ian, ed. (2014). Battleship Ramillies: The Final Salvo. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-207-3.
- Levy, James P. (2002). The Royal Navy's Home Fleet in World War II. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-349-51363-5.
- ISBN 978-0-679-45671-1.
- ISBN 978-1-90438-104-4.
- ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-817-0.
- Smith, Peter C. (2009). Battleships at War: HMS Royal Sovereign and Her Sister Ships. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-84415-982-6.
- Smith, Peter C. (2008). The Great Ships: British Battleships in World War II. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3514-8.
External links
Media related to Revenge class battleship at Wikimedia Commons
- Dreadnought Project Technical material on the weaponry and fire control for the ships