HMS Argus (I49)
Argus in harbour in 1918, painted in dazzle camouflage
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History | |
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United Kingdom | |
Name | Argus |
Namesake | Argus Panoptes |
Builder | William Beardmore, Dalmuir |
Yard number | 519 |
Identification | Pennant number: I49 |
Nickname(s) |
|
Laid down | 1914 |
Acquired | September 1916 |
Launched | 2 December 1917 |
Commissioned | 16 September 1918 |
Decommissioned | About 1929 |
Recommissioned | 30 July 1938 |
Reclassified | As accommodation ship , December 1944 |
Fate | Sold for scrap, 5 December 1946 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Type | Aircraft carrier |
Displacement | 14,450 standard load ) |
Length | 565 ft (172.2 m) (o/a) |
Beam | 68 ft (20.7 m) |
Draught | 23 ft 3 in (7.1 m) (deep load) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 4 × shafts; 4 × steam turbines |
Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
Range | 3,600 nmi (6,700 km; 4,100 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
Complement | 495 |
Armament |
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Aircraft carried | 15–18 |
HMS Argus was a British
Argus was recommissioned and partially modernised shortly before the Second World War and served as a
Design, description and construction
Argus had her genesis in the
In November 1916, the ship's design was tested in a
Argus's stability had been a concern from the beginning. Despite having been originally conceived as a liner with a hull designed to minimise
Argus had an
The ship's flight deck was 549 feet (167.3 m) long and her
The ship was armed with four
Construction and career
Argus, named after
1918–1939
After commissioning too late to participate in the First World War, Argus was tasked to conduct deck-landing trials with longitudinal arresting gear transferred from Furious. The first landings on the ship were made on 24 September 1918 by two Sopwith Ship Strutter aeroplanes from the Grand Fleet's airbase at Turnhouse.[15] The same month, the ship was used in trials to evaluate the effects which an island superstructure would have on flying operations, with a canvas-and-wood dummy island being installed with a smoke box to simulate funnel gases. By 19 December, 36 successful landings had been made by Ship Strutters and Sopwith Pups. Argus was refitted from 23 December to 21 March 1919 with modified arresting gear. The wires of the arresting gear had been lifted off the deck so they could engage the hooks on the undercarriages of the aircraft, but this prevented the use of the flight deck for any other purpose. The after lift was therefore lowered 9 inches (229 mm), which allowed aircraft to use the area when the lift was raised flush with the rest of the flight deck. Trials began in April and the lift was widened in October. Argus joined the Atlantic Fleet in January 1920 for its Spring Cruise carrying a total of sixteen airplanes: eight Ship Strutters, four Sopwith Camel fighters, two Airco DH.9A bombers and two Fairey floatplanes. Operational experience confirmed that the aircraft should attempt to land directly onto the arresting gear lest they be blown over the side of the carrier, as happened three times during the cruise.[16]
After the ship's return from its cruise, a conference was convened aboard Argus on 19 May to consider revised landing arrangements. It was decided that a longer system of wires was needed, and the landing well system was abandoned in favour of ramps that could be raised and lowered as needed. Powered palisades were also needed on the side of the flight deck to help retain aircraft aboard that had not engaged a wire. The revised system was successfully tested aboard the carrier Eagle later in the year and Argus' arresting gear was modified accordingly in time for the 1921 Spring Cruise, during which the ship carried ten Parnall Panther spotter and reconnaissance aircraft and three Fairey IIIC reconnaissance aircraft. In addition, the ship's aft lift was permanently locked in the raised position and 150 long tons (150 t) of ballast were added to compensate for the additional weight of the equipment high in the ship. This cruise was deemed very successful as 45 landings were made, only two of which resulted in serious accidents, an accident rate comparable to those of land-based units. The time required to launch two aircraft and land one aboard was forty minutes during this cruise, primarily because the rotary engines of the time were very difficult to start.[10]
In September 1922, Argus, equipped with
In July 1922, Argus was
Argus usually operated about 15 aircraft during the 1920s. This was commonly divided up between one small flight of fighters (Gloster Nightjars or Fairey Flycatchers), one of spotters (Parnall Panthers or Avro Bisons), and one spotter reconnaissance flight with Fairey IIIs.[19]
The ship's hull was surveyed in 1927 and anticipated to be sound for another 15 years,
Second World War
After recommissioning, Argus served as a training carrier to allow pilots to practice their deck-landing skills. She was carrying out this duty in the
On 11 November, Argus sailed again from Liverpool with a deck-load of a dozen Hurricanes and two Skuas for delivery to Malta (
In March, the carrier loaded a dozen Hurricane IIs and three Skuas and delivered them to Gibraltar on 29 March, where they were loaded onto Ark Royal and flown off to Malta a few days later. She returned to the United Kingdom on 11 April and loaded six replacement Swordfish as well as six Swordfish of
In late August to early September, Argus transported 24 Hurricanes of No. 151 Wing RAF to Murmansk, Russia.[32][33] She then ferried a dozen Fairey Albacore torpedo bombers of 828 Squadron to Gibraltar on 30 September for eventual delivery to Malta. She was to ferry the fighters of 804 Squadron on her return trip to England, but this was cancelled. Eventually, the ship loaded some damaged aircraft and accompanied Eagle back to the United Kingdom on 20 October. Argus loaded more Hurricanes for Gibraltar and also embarked a pair of Swordfish from 818 Squadron and two Sea Hurricanes from 804X Squadron for self-defence. The ship arrived on 8 November and she transferred some of her Hurricanes to Ark Royal. Two days later, the two carriers, in Operation Perpetual, sailed to the west of Sicily and flew off their 37 Hurricanes; three of the fighters were lost en route. Ark Royal was torpedoed and sunk during the return to Gibraltar, which forced Argus to remain there to provide cover for Force H as the sole carrier available.[34]
1942–1946
Force H was recalled to the United Kingdom in January and Argus loaded 12 Swordfish of 812 Squadron for her own protection. Whilst in the United Kingdom, she loaded some Supermarine Spitfire fighters and returned to Gibraltar on 24 February. There, the ship transferred the Spitfires to Eagle and embarked nine Fairey Fulmar fighters of 807 Squadron. The plan for Operation Spotter I was for Argus to provide fighter cover for Eagle as she flew off the Spitfires for Malta, but the operation had to be cancelled when the long-range fuel tanks of the Spitfires proved defective. The problems were not rectified until 7 March, when the 15 Spitfires were successfully flown off. During Operation Picket I, nine more Spitfires were flown off by Eagle on 21 March whilst a dozen Sea Hurricane IIBs from 804 Squadron provided air cover from Argus. The two carriers repeated the delivery on 29 March when Eagle flew off seven more Spitfires whilst 807 Squadron provided air cover from Argus. The latter ship also carried six Albacores bound for Malta as well, but the weather deteriorated over Malta and their fly-off was cancelled.[35]
Another attempt to deliver the Albacores and more Spitfires was made during
Afterwards, the ship returned to the UK to ferry
As part of the preparations for another resupply convoy for Malta (Operation Pedestal), Argus returned to the United Kingdom in late June to load reserve aircraft, including six Sea Hurricanes of 804 Squadron, for the other aircraft carriers involved in the operation and left the Clyde on 2 August for Gibraltar. The ship rendezvoused with the other carriers on 5 August for a three-day training exercise to work out co-ordination procedures before the operation commenced and 804 Squadron was deemed not ready for combat. It was ordered to return to the UK aboard Argus.[39][40]
In November 1942, Argus was assigned to the Eastern Naval Task Force that invaded
Notes
- ^ McBride, pp. 73–75
- ^ Friedman, pp. 62, 65
- ^ Friedman, pp. 65–66
- ^ Friedman, p. 66
- ^ Friedman, pp. 67, 365
- ^ a b McBride, pp. 76, 86
- ^ Friedman, p. 365
- ^ Brown 2003, p. 115
- ^ a b McBride, p. 76
- ^ a b c Friedman, p. 69
- ^ Silverstone, p. 211
- ^ McBride, pp. 75, 77
- ^ Friedman, p. 363
- ^ a b McBride, p. 79
- ^ Hobbs, p. 44, MacKay, p. 49
- ^ Friedman, pp. 67–69
- ^ Halley, p. 38
- ^ Friedman, p. 67
- ^ Sturtivant, pp. 466–469
- ^ McCart, pp. 21–23
- ^ MacKay, p. 88
- ^ Friedman, pp. 69, 71
- ^ MacKay, p. 91
- ^ a b c d Friedman, p. 71
- ^ McBride, p. 80
- ^ Rohwer, p. 22
- ^ Shores, Cull and Malizia 1987, pp. 45–47
- ^ Nailer, pp. 152–153
- ^ Sturtivant, pp. 26–27
- ^ Nailer, p. 154
- ^ Nailer, pp. 155–157
- ^ Rohwer, p. 93
- ^ McBride, pp. 80–81
- ^ Nailer, pp. 159–160
- ^ Nailer, pp. 160–161
- ^ Nailer, p. 162
- ^ Shores, Cull and Malizia 1991, pp. 282–284
- ^ Shores, Cull and Malizia 1991, pp. 319–320, 325, 327, 329–330, 333, 336
- ^ Shores, Cull and Malizia 1991, pp. 451–452
- ^ Nailer, p. 164
- ^ Brown 2009, p. 62
- ^ McBride, p. 86
- ^ Colledge and Warlow, p. 20
- ^ Lenton, p. 96
- ^ "Bell from HMS Argus; c. 1917; BRSBC.163". www.ehive.com. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
References
- ISBN 1-84067-531-4.
- Brown, J. D. (2009). Carrier Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-108-2.
- ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
- ISBN 0-87021-054-8.
- Halley, Jim (June–August 1992). "Early Days on Argus". ISSN 0143-5450.
- Hobbs, David (2009). A Century of Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of Ships and Shipborne Aircraft. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-138-0.
- ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
- MacKay, Charles E. (2017). HMS Argus 1914 to 1947: The World's First Flat-top Aircraft Carrier. Netherton, Glasgow: A. MacKay (Publisher). ISBN 978-0-9573443-5-8.
- McBride, Keith (1994). "The 'Hatbox': HMS Argus". In Roberts, John (ed.). Warship 1994. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 71–87. ISBN 0-85177-630-2.
- McCart, Neil (2001). HMS Hermes 1923 & 1959. Cheltenham, England: Fan Publications. ISBN 1-901225-05-4.
- Nailer, Roger (1990). "Aircraft to Malta". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Warship 1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 151–165. ISBN 1-55750-903-4.
- ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1987). Malta: The Hurricane Years: 1940–41. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-06-2.
- Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1991). Malta: The Spitfire Year: 1942. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-16-X.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- ISBN 0-85130-120-7.
Further reading
- Graham, James (Lord Montrose) (1952). My Ditty Box. London: Cape.