Renown-class battlecruiser

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Renown as completed in 1916
Class overview
NameRenown
OperatorsUnited Kingdom
Preceded byHMS Tiger
Succeeded byCourageous class
Built1915–1916
In service1916–1945
Planned2
Completed2
Lost1
Scrapped1
General characteristics (Renown as built)
TypeBattlecruiser
Displacement27,200 long tons (27,600 t) (normal)
Length794 ft 1.5 in (242.0 m) (o.a.)
Beam90 ft 1.75 in (27.5 m)
Draught27 ft (8.2 m)
Installed power
Propulsion4 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbine sets
Speed32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)
Range4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Crew953
Armament
  • 3 × twin
    15 in (381 mm) guns
  • 5 × triple, 2 × single
    4 in (102 mm) guns
  • 2 × single
    AA guns
  • 2 ×
    21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes
Armour

The Renown class consisted of two

Eustace Tennyson-D'Eyncourt, quickly produced an entirely new design to meet Admiral Lord Fisher's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ships in 15 months. They did not quite meet that ambitious goal, but they were delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916. They were the world's fastest capital ships
upon their commissioning.

Battlecruiser Squadron
when Hood was refitting.

Both ships served during the

Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean where she supported numerous attacks on Japanese-occupied facilities in Indonesia and various island groups in the Indian Ocean. The ship returned to the Home Fleet in early 1945 and was refitted before being placed in reserve after the end of the war. Renown was sold for scrap
in 1948.

Genesis

Improved Revenge-class battleships

The battleships of the 1914 Naval Programme consisted of three improved Revenge-class ships, named Renown, Repulse and Resistance, and one further member of the

Fairfield and Repulse to Palmers. The design was approved on 13 May 1914 and the improvements over the Revenge class consisted of:[1]

These changes would have done little to change the size of the ships in comparison to their predecessors other than a decrease in

draught to 28 feet 6 inches (8.7 m), 1 foot 6 inches (45.7 cm) less than the older ships. They would, however, have been 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) slower than the Revenge-class ships as they were to be provided with only 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) rather than the 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) of their predecessors.[2]

Work on all four ships was suspended at the beginning of the First World War and the two ships to be built in the royal dockyards were cancelled on 26 August 1914, as it was believed that they could not be completed before the end of the war. Admiral Lord Fisher, once he returned to office as First Sea Lord in October, began pressuring Winston Churchill, then

Vice Admiral Beatty, commander of the Battlecruiser Force, caused Churchill to gain approval from the Cabinet to build two ships on 28 December.[3]

Battlecruisers

Admiral Lord Fisher first presented his requirements for the new ships to the DNC on 18 December, before they had even been approved. He wanted a long, high, flared bow, like that on the

pre-dreadnought HMS Renown, but higher, four 15-inch guns in two twin turrets, an anti-torpedo boat armament of twenty 4-inch (102 mm) guns mounted high up and protected by gun shields only, speed of 32 knots using oil fuel, and armour on the scale of the battlecruiser Indefatigable. Within a few days, however, Fisher increased the number of guns to six and added two torpedo tubes. Minor revisions in the initial estimate were made until 26 December, and a preliminary design was completed on 30 December.[4]

During the following week the DNC's department examined the material delivered for the two battleships and decided what could be used in the new design and the contract for Repulse was transferred from Palmers to John Brown & Company because the former lacked a slipway long enough to use for the new ship. The usable material was transferred to John Brown and both builders had received enough information from the DNC's department to lay the keels of both ships on 25 January 1915,[5][Note 1] well before the altered contracts were completed on 10 March[6]

Description

General characteristics

The Renown-class ships had an

standard load and 32,220 long tons (32,740 t) at deep load. While 90 feet (27.4 m) longer than their predecessor, Tiger, they displaced 2,780 long tons (2,820 t) less than the older ship at deep load.[7]

The ships proved to be good sea boats, but had to be reinforced while under construction with additional stiffening and pillars under the forecastle deck to cure some minor structural problems forward.

double bottom.[9]

Propulsion

The original plan for these ships was to use lightweight machinery producing a total of 110,000 shaft horsepower (82,000 kW), but that would have required a considerable amount of time to complete its design. Rather than risk delaying the completion of the ships the machinery from HMS Tiger was duplicated with the addition of three extra boilers to provide the required power needed for the additional speed. Each ship had two paired sets of Brown-Curtis direct-drive steam turbines, housed in separate engine-rooms. Each set comprised high-pressure ahead and astern turbines driving an outboard shaft and low-pressure ahead and astern turbines, housed in the same casing, driving an inner shaft.[10] Their three-bladed propellers were 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m) in diameter.[11] The turbines were powered by 42 Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers in six boiler rooms at a working pressure of 235 psi (1,620 kPa; 17 kgf/cm2).[12] They were designed to produce a total of 112,000 shaft horsepower (84,000 kW), but achieved more than 126,000 shp (93,958 kW) during Renown's trials, when she reached a speed of 32.58 knots (60.34 km/h; 37.49 mph).[13] They were the fastest capital ships in existence until the arrival of Hood in 1920.[14]

They were designed to normally carry 1,000 long tons (1,016 t) of

ring main at 220 volts.[16]

Armament

Aerial view of Repulse in 1918.
  1. twin 15-inch turrets
  2. triple 4-inch mountings
  3. starboard single 4-inch mounting
  4. starboard single 3-inch AA mounting

The Renown-class ships mounted six 42-

armour-piercing shells.[17]

The ships were designed with seventeen 45-calibre

high-explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,625 ft/s (800 m/s). At maximum elevation the guns had a maximum range of 13,500 yards (12,344 m).[18] The ships carried 200 rounds for each gun.[15]

Each ship mounted a pair of

21-inch (533 mm) submerged torpedo tubes fitted just forward of "A" barbette.[21]

Fire control

Repulse firing in 1929

The main guns of the Renown-class ships could be controlled from either of the two

rangefinder in the armoured hood was input into a Mk IV* Dreyer Fire Control Table located in the Transmitting Station (TS) where it was converted into range and deflection data for use by the guns. The target's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target.[22] The secondary armament was controlled by directors mounted on platforms on each mast. Each turret was provided with a 15-foot (4.6 m) rangefinder in an armoured housing on the turret roof.[19]

During the war the number and size of rangefinders increased. By 1918 Renown carried two 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinders, one on "Y" turret and the other in the armoured hood above the conning tower. Fifteen-foot rangefinders were mounted on "A" and "B" turrets, the torpedo control tower abaft the mainmast, and the armoured hood. The fore-top was equipped with a 12-foot (3.7 m) rangefinder and the anti-aircraft guns were controlled by a simple 6-foot-6-inch (1.98 m) rangefinder mounted on the aft superstructure. Two 9-foot (2.7 m) rangefinders were mounted on the bridge.[15]

Armour

The armour protection of the Renown-class ships was similar to that of Indefatigable; her

Krupp cemented armour measured 6 inches (152 mm) thick amidships. It ran from the midpoint of "A" barbette to the midpoint of "Y" barbette, a length of 462 feet (140.8 m), and was 9 feet (2.7 m) high. Strakes of three-inch armour aft and four-inch armour forward continued the belt towards the ends of the ship, although neither reached the bow or the stern. The strakes were enclosed by transverse bulkheads of the same thickness. For much of the length of the main belt there was an upper belt of high-tensile steel, 1.5 inches (38 mm) thick, intended as splinter protection.[23]

The gun turrets were 9 inches (229 mm) thick on the face and front sides, 7 inches (178 mm) thick on the rear side plates while their roofs were 4.25 inches (108 mm) thick. The barbettes were protected by 7 inches (178 mm) of armour above the upper deck, but it thinned to 4–5 inches (102–127 mm) below the deck. The conning tower sides were 10 inches (254 mm) thick and it had a three-inch roof. The walls of the

communication tube were three inches thick. The torpedo control tower had 3-inch walls and a 1.5-inch cast steel roof.[23]

As designed the high-tensile-steel decks ranged from 0.75 to 1.5 inches (19 to 38 mm) in thickness. After the Battle of Jutland in 1916, while the ships were still completing, an extra inch of high-tensile steel was added on the main deck over the magazines. Despite these additions, the ships were still felt to be too vulnerable to plunging fire and each ship was refitted in Rosyth in 1916–1917 with additional horizontal armour, weighing approximately 504 long tons (512 t), added to the decks over the magazines and over the steering mechanism.[24]

The Renown-class ships were fitted with a shallow anti-torpedo bulge integral to the hull which was intended to explode the torpedo before it hit the hull proper and vent the underwater explosion to the surface rather than into the ship. However, later testing proved that it was not deep enough to accomplish its task as it lacked the layers of empty and full compartments that were necessary to absorb the force of the explosion.[25]

Ships

Name Builder
Laid down
 Launched Commissioned Fate
Renown
Fairfield, Govan
 25 January 1915 4 March 1916 20 September 1916 Broken up at
Faslane
, 1948
Repulse John Brown, Clydebank 8 January 1916 18 August 1916 Sunk in air attack near off Kuantan, 10 December 1941

Service

First World War

Both ships spent much of the remainder of 1916 and early 1917 in the hands of

1st Battlecruiser Squadron (BCS) for the duration of the war.[26] Repulse relieved Lion as flagship of the 1st BCS.[27]

Second Battle of Heligoland Bight

Main article: Second Battle of Heligoland Bight

Over the course of 1917 the Admiralty became more concerned about German efforts in the North Sea to sweep paths through the British-laid minefields intended to restrict the actions of the

minesweepers and their escorting light cruisers. Based on intelligence reports the Admiralty decided on 17 November 1917 to allocate two light cruiser squadrons, the 1st Cruiser Squadron covered by the reinforced 1st BCS (less Renown) and, more distantly, the battleships of the 1st Battle Squadron to the operation.[28]

Repulse in August 1918

The German ships, four light cruisers of II Scouting Force, eight destroyers, three divisions of minesweepers, eight sperrbrechers (cork-filled trawlers, used to detonate mines without sinking) and two trawlers to mark the swept route, were spotted at 7:30 a.m.,[Note 3] silhouetted by the rising sun. The light battlecruiser Courageous and the light cruiser Cardiff opened fire with their forward guns seven minutes later. The Germans responded by laying an effective smoke screen. The British continued in pursuit, but lost track of most of the smaller ships in the smoke and concentrated fire on the light cruisers as opportunity permitted. Repulse was detached not long after and raced forward at full speed to engage the enemy ships. She opened fire at about 9:00,[29] scoring a single hit on the light cruiser SMS Königsberg during the battle.[27] When the German battleships SMS Kaiser and SMS Kaiserin were spotted about 9:50 the British broke off their pursuit and Repulse covered their retreat, aided by a heavy fog that came down around 10:40.[30]

In September 1917[31] Repulse became the first capital ship to be fitted with aircraft flying-off platforms on her turrets. A Sopwith Pup successfully took off from the platform mounted on "B" turret on 1 October and repeated his achievement on 9 October from "Y" turret. Renown received her platforms in early 1918.[32]

On 12 December 1917 Renown put to sea with other elements of the fleet in an unsuccessful attempt to intercept the German 3rd Half-Flotilla of destroyers that had destroyed the Scandinavian convoy and most of its escorts. For the rest of the war the two ships patrolled the North Sea uneventfully. Both ships were present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918.[27]

Inter-war service

Repulse moored at Vancouver during her 1923–1924 world cruise.

Repulse began a major refit at Portsmouth on 17 December 1918[27] intended to drastically improve her armour protection. Her existing 6-inch armour belt was replaced by 9-inch (229 mm) armour plates made surplus by the conversion of the battleship Almirante Cochrane (originally ordered by Chile and purchased after the war began) to the aircraft carrier Eagle. The old armour was fitted between the main and upper decks, above the new armour belt. Additional high-tensile plating was added to the decks over the magazines. The ship's anti-torpedo bulge was deepened and reworked along the lines of that installed on the battleship Ramillies. The bulge covered her hull from the submerged torpedo room to "Y" magazine and the inner compartments of which were filled with crushing tubes. The bulges added 12 feet 8 inches (3.9 m) to her beam and 1 foot 4 inches (0.4 m) to her draught. The refit added about 4,500 long tons (4,600 t) to her displacement and raised her metacentric height to 6.4 feet (2.0 m) at deep load. Three 30-foot rangefinders were also added as well as eight torpedo tubes in twin mounts on the upper deck. Both flying-off platforms were removed.[33]

When the Grand Fleet was disbanded in April 1919 Renown was assigned to the Battlecruiser Squadron of the

squash court while the starboard side was a cinema.[9] The ship sailed in March for Australia and New Zealand with the Prince of Wales and his entourage aboard and made many stops en route. She returned to Portsmouth in October and was placed in reserve in November.[34]

Renown was recommissioned in September 1921 for a tour of India and Japan by the Prince of Wales and sailed from Portsmouth in October. The ship arrived back in Portsmouth in June 1922 and she was placed in reserve the following month.

high explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,387 ft/s (728 m/s) at a rate of ten to fifteen rounds per minute. The guns had a maximum ceiling of 31,000 ft (9,400 m), but an effective range of much less.[37] The reconstruction only added 3,500 long tons (3,600 t) to the ship's displacement and three inches to her draught.[38]

Renown at Fremantle during her 1927 cruise to Australia

Repulse was recommissioned on 1 January 1921 and joined the Battlecruiser Squadron. In November 1923, Hood, accompanied by Repulse and a number of

1st Light Cruiser Squadron, set out on a world cruise from west to east via the Panama Canal
. They returned home ten months later in September 1924. [27] Shortly after her return the ship's pair of 3-inch AA guns and her two single four-inch gun mounts were removed and replaced with four QF four-inch Mark V AA guns.[39] The Battlecruiser Squadron visited Lisbon in February 1925 to participate in the Vasco da Gama celebrations before continuing on the Mediterranean for exercises.[40] A squash court was added on the starboard side between the funnels for the Prince of Wales' tour of Africa and South America[39] that lasted from March to October.[41] Upon her return she was refitted from November 1925 to July 1926 and had a HACP added to her fore-top.[39]

Renown finished her reconstruction in September 1926 and she was assigned to the Battlecruiser Squadron until the ship was detached to convey

QF 2-pounder Mk VIII gun[43] The Mk V mounts could depress to −10° and elevate to a maximum of 80°. The Mark VIII 2-pounder gun fired a 40-millimetre (1.6 in) .91-pound (0.41 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,920 ft/s (590 m/s) to a distance of 3,800 yards (3,500 m). The gun's rate of fire was approximately 96–98 rounds per minute.[44] Only one mount was initially available, however, and it, along with its director, was fitted on the starboard side.[43] Renown had her midships triple 4-inch mount removed to make room for an aircraft catapult that was not fitted until 1933. The port Mark V 2-pounder mount was finally fitted, albeit without its director, that same year. The ship now carried a Fairey III floatplane for reconnaissance purposes. The flying-off platform was also removed.[38]

1930s reconstructions

After Repulse completed her 1926 refit she remained in commission, aside from a brief refit in July–September 1927, with the BCS of the Atlantic Fleet until she was paid off in June 1932 prior to beginning her reconstruction in April 1933. Most of the existing layers of high-tensile steel that constituted the ship's horizontal armour were replaced by non-cemented armour plates 2.5–3.5 inches (64–89 mm) in thickness and the torpedo control tower was removed from the aft superstructure.

dual-purpose guns were added in twin-gun Mark XVIII mounts abreast the mainmast. Two octuple Mark VI 2-pounder mounts were fitted on extensions of the conning-tower platform abreast the fore funnel. Above these a pair of quadruple Mark II* mountings for the 0.5-inch Vickers Mark III machine gun were added.[46] These mounts could depress to −10° and elevate to a maximum of 70°. The machine guns fired a 1.326-ounce (37.6 g) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2,520 ft/s (770 m/s). This gave the gun a maximum range of about 5,000 yd (4,600 m), although its effective range was only 800 yd (730 m)[47] Repulse received two HACS directors, one Mark II on the fore-top and a Mark I* mounted on a pedestal above the rear superstructure. The two submerged torpedo tubes were removed and the vacant spaces sub-divided and turned into store-rooms.[48]

Renown began her own even more thorough reconstruction in September 1936, based on that of the battleship

boilers. This saved some 2,800 long tons (2,800 t) of weight and allowed the two forward boiler rooms to be converted to 4.5-inch (110 mm) magazines and other uses. Renown's deck protection was somewhat upgraded by adding non-cemented armour where it had not been added earlier and protecting the new 4.5-inch magazines. As in Repulse hangars were built abreast her rear funnel and a catapult was fitted between the rear funnel and the aft superstructure.[49]

The ship's 15-inch gun turrets were modified to the Mark I (N) standard with their elevation increased to 30°. Twenty dual-purpose

BD Mark II mountings replaced all of the 4-inch guns. Six of the gun turrets, three on each side, were abreast the forward funnel while the remaining four were mounted on abreast the main mast.[43] The BD Mark II mounts had elevation limits of −5° to +80°. The Mark III gun fired a 55-pound (25 kg) high explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of about 2,350 ft/s (720 m/s). Its rate of fire was 12 rounds per minute. They had a maximum effective ceiling of 41,000 ft (12,000 m).[50] The guns were controlled by four dual-purpose Mark IV directors, two mounted on the rear of the bridge structure and the remaining two on the aft superstructure. They fed tracking data to a HACS Mark IV analog computer for high-angle targets and an Admiralty Fire Control Clock Mark VII for low-angle targets.[43] Each gun was provided with 400 round of ammunition.[51] Three octuple Mark VI 2-pounder mounts were fitted, two on a platform between the funnels and the third at the rear of the aft superstructure. Each was provided with a Mark III* director. Four quadruple Vickers .50-calibre Mark III mounts were also added, two each on the forward and rear superstructures. The submerged torpedo tubes were removed and eight above-water torpedo tubes added.[43]

Repulse departing from Singapore on 8 December 1941

Repulse was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet when she recommissioned in April 1936. She transported 500 refugees from

Fleet Review at Spithead on 20 May 1937 for George VI. Repulse was sent to Haifa in July 1938 to maintain order during the Arab Revolt. She was selected to convey the King and Queen during their May 1939 Canadian Tour and she was refitted between October 1938 and March 1939 for this role. The twin 4-inch AA guns were replaced by two more Mark V guns and two additional quadruple .50-calibre mounts were added. The King and Queen ultimately traveled aboard the liner RMS Empress of Australia while Repulse escorted them on the first half of the journey.[52]

Second World War

Repulse is at the bottom, having been hit once by a bomb, 10 December 1941

The beginning of the Second World War found Repulse assigned to the Battlecruiser Squadron of the

Norwegian Campaign in April–June 1940. Accompanied by Renown and the 1st Cruiser Squadron, Repulse attempted to intercept the Gneisenau as it sailed from Trondheim to Germany in July. Until May 1941 the ship escorted convoys and unsuccessfully searched for German ships. On 22 May Repulse was diverted from escorting Convoy WS8B to assist in the search for the Bismarck, but she had to break off the search early on 25 May as she was running low on fuel. The ship was refitted from June to August[55] and received eight Oerlikon 20-millimetre (0.79 in) autocannon as well as a Type 284 surface gunnery radar.[54] Repulse escorted a troop convoy around the Cape of Good Hope from August to October and was transferred to East Indies Command.[56]

To deter Japanese aggression in the Far East in late 1941, Winston Churchill was determined to send a small group of fast capital ships, along with one modern aircraft carrier, to Singapore. Repulse was already in the Indian Ocean and was ordered to Colombo in November to rendezvous with the battleship Prince of Wales where they would form Force Z. The carrier Indomitable was supposed to join them, but she was delayed when she ran aground while working up in the Caribbean. The two ships, and their escorting destroyers, arrived in Singapore on 2 December. Force Z departed on the evening of 8 December in an attempt to destroy Japanese troop convoys and protect the army's seaward flanks from any Japanese landings in their rear. They were spotted by a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft during the following afternoon and shadowed for the rest of the day. Admiral Sir Tom Phillips decided to cancel the operation as the Japanese were now alerted. Force Z turned back during the evening, but was spotted again early on the morning of 10 December. About four hours later Japanese bombers arrived and attacked Repulse from high altitude; she was slightly damaged by one bomb hit in her port hangar. The second wave consisted of torpedo bombers which missed Repulse, but scored at least one hit on Prince of Wales. The third wave again consisted of high-altitude level bombers that missed Repulse entirely. The fourth wave of torpedo bombers managed to hit Repulse once amidships on her port side. The final wave of torpedo bombers hit Repulse with three more torpedoes and the ship capsized with the loss of 508 officers and men.[57] The sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse contributed to the rapid fall of Singapore and Malaya to the Japanese, and demonstrated the dominance of air power over the capital ships that had been the backbone of naval power since the 1600s.

Renown in the Indian Ocean area, 12 May 1944. Valiant is in the right distance. The Richelieu is in the left background.

Renown was recommissioned on 28 August 1939 as part of the Home Fleet. Much like her sister, she spent September patrolling in the North Sea, but was transferred to Force K in the South Atlantic to help search for the "pocket battleship" Admiral Graf Spee. The ship joined Force H at the Cape of Good Hope in November to prevent Admiral Graf Spee from breaking into the South Atlantic. She was unsuccessful in this, but sank the blockade runner SS Watussi on 2 December. She remained in the South Atlantic even after Admiral Graf Spee was scuttled on 13 December and did not return to the Home Fleet until March 1940. The ship became flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron when Hood was paid off to refit that month. Renown also supported British forces during the Norwegian Campaign and briefly engaged the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau on 9 April.[58] Renown opened fire first, but she was hit first by two 28-centimetre (11 in) shells that only slightly damaged her. A few minutes later she hit Gneisenau with one 15-inch and two 4.5-inch shells that knocked out the main fire-control director and damaged the rangefinder on "A" turret. The German ships were faster than Renown in the heavy weather and were able to successfully disengage.[59] The ship was repaired from 20 April to 18 May and provided cover during the evacuation from Norway in early June. Renown was transferred to Force H at Gibraltar in August and relieved Hood as flagship.[60]

In November 1940 Force H covered the small aircraft carrier Argus as she flew off Hurricane fighters bound for Malta from a position south of Sardinia. Later that month Force H participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento. Renown bombarded Genoa on 9 February 1941 with little effect. Renown and Force H escorted convoys both inside and outside the Mediterranean in March–May 1941 before being summoned into the Atlantic to search for the Bismarck. Force H escorted another convoy to Malta in July and Renown returned home for repairs the next month. The ship was transferred to the Home Fleet in November when her repairs were complete. She provided cover for the inbound and outbound convoys to the Soviet Union in early March 1942. She became flagship of Force W which was formed to escort carriers carrying fighters to be flown-off for Malta in April–May.[61]

Renown rejoined Home Fleet once those missions were completed, but was transferred to Force H in October 1942 to participate in

Faslane for scrapping on 3 August.[62]

Notes

  1. ^ Burt states that the first twelve plates were laid down for Repulse on 30 November 1914, but this is not mentioned in any other source. See Burt 1986, p. 291.
  2. ^ "cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 30 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
  3. ^ The times used in this article are in UTC, which is one hour behind CET, which is often used in German works.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Burt 1986, p. 291
  2. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 276, 291
  3. ^ Roberts, pp. 46–47
  4. ^ Roberts, pp. 47–48
  5. ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 45
  6. ^ Roberts, p. 47
  7. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 212, 297
  8. ^ Roberts, pp. 49–50
  9. ^ a b Burt 1986, pp. 297–298
  10. ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 49
  11. ^ Roberts, p. 76
  12. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 49–50
  13. ^ Roberts, p. 81
  14. ^ Burt 1986, p. 294
  15. ^ a b c d e Burt 1986, p. 297
  16. ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 50
  17. ^ "British 15"/42 (38.1 cm) Mark I". navweaps.com. 1 April 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  18. ^ "Britain 4"/45 (10.2 cm) BL Marks IX and X". navweaps.com. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  19. ^ a b c Raven and Roberts, p. 48
  20. ^ "British 12-pdr 3"/45 (76.2 cm) 20 cwt QF HA Marks I, II, III and IV". navweaps.com. 27 February 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  21. ^ Roberts, p. 83
  22. ^ Brooks, p. 170
  23. ^ a b Roberts, pp. 106, 113
  24. ^ Burt, p. 294
  25. ^ Roberts, p. 111
  26. ^ Parkes, pp. 614, 617
  27. ^ a b c d e Burt 1986, p. 302
  28. ^ Newbolt, pp. 164–165
  29. ^ Newbolt, pp. 173–175
  30. ^ Newbolt, pp. 175–176
  31. ^ Burt 1986, p. 296
  32. ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 51
  33. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 55–56
  34. ^ a b Burt 1993, p. 231
  35. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 231, 234
  36. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 142–143
  37. ^ "Britain 4"/45 (10.2 cm) QF Mark V and Mark XV". navweaps.com. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  38. ^ a b Burt 1993, p. 210
  39. ^ a b c Raven and Roberts, p. 143
  40. ^ Burt 1993, p. 220
  41. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 220–221
  42. ^ Burt 1993, p. 234
  43. ^ a b c d e Raven and Roberts, p. 250
  44. ^ "Britain 2-pdr 4 cm/39 (1.575") Mark VIII". navweaps.com. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  45. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 206–207
  46. ^ Burt, pp. 210, 213
  47. ^ "British 0.50"/62 (12.7 mm) Mark III – Japanese 12 mm/62 "HI" Type". navweaps.com. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
  48. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 207, 209
  49. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 250–222, 254
  50. ^ "British 4.5"/45 (11.4 cm) QF Marks I, III and IV (Marks 2, 3, 4 and 5)". navweaps.com. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  51. ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 258
  52. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 221, 224
  53. ^ Burt 1993, p. 224
  54. ^ a b Raven and Roberts, p. 217
  55. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 224–225
  56. ^ Burt 1993, p. 225
  57. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 226–227, 230
  58. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 234, 237
  59. ^ Haarr, pp. 301–312
  60. ^ Burt 1993, p. 237
  61. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 237–238
  62. ^ Burt 1993, pp. 238, 242

References

Further reading

External links

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