Cardiff Castle
Cardiff Castle | |
---|---|
Second World War | |
Official name | Cardiff Castle and Roman Fort[2] |
Reference no. | GM171[2] |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
Official name | Cardiff Castle[3] |
Designated | 12 February 1952[3] |
Reference no. | 13662[3] |
Official name | Cardiff Castle and Bute Park[4] |
Designated | 1 February 2022[4] |
Reference no. | PGW(Gm)22(CDF)[4] |
Listing | Grade I[4] |
Cardiff Castle (
After being held by the de Clare and Despenser families for several centuries, the castle was acquired by the
In the mid-18th century, Cardiff Castle passed into the hands of the Stuart dynasty, Marquesses of Bute. The 1st Marquess of Bute employed Capability Brown and Henry Holland to renovate the main range, turning it into a Georgian mansion, and to landscape the castle grounds, demolishing many of the older medieval buildings and walls. During the first half of the 19th century the family became extremely wealthy as a result of the growth of the coal industry in Glamorgan. However, it was the 3rd Marquess of Bute who truly transformed the castle, using his vast wealth to back an extensive programme of renovations under William Burges. Burges remodelled the castle in a Gothic revival style, lavishing money and attention on the main range. The resulting interior designs are considered to be amongst "the most magnificent that the gothic revival ever achieved".[5] The grounds were re-landscaped and, following the discovery of the old Roman remains, reconstructed walls and a gatehouse in a Roman style were incorporated into the castle design. Extensive landscaped parks were built around the outside of the castle.
In the early 20th century, the
History
1st–4th centuries AD
The future site of Cardiff Castle was first used by the Romans as a defensive location for many years.[6] The first fort was probably built about AD 55 and occupied until AD 80.[7] It was a rectangular structure much larger than the current site, and formed part of the southern Roman border in Wales during the conquest of the Silures.[8] When the border advanced, defences became less important and the fort was replaced with a sequence of two, much smaller, fortifications on the north side of the current site.[9]
A fourth fort was built in the middle of the 3rd century in order to combat the pirate threat along the coast, and forms the basis of the Roman remains seen on the castle site.[10] The fort was almost square in design, approximately 635 feet (194 m) by 603 feet (184 m) large, constructed from limestone brought by sea from Penarth.[11] The fort's irregular shape was determined by the River Taff that flowed along the west side of the walls.[12] The sea would have come much closer to the site than is the case in the 21st century, and the fort would have directly overlooked the harbour.[11] This Roman fort was probably occupied at least until the end of the 4th century, but it is unclear when it was finally abandoned.[13] There is no evidence for the re-occupation of the site until the 11th century.[13]
11th century
The Normans began to make incursions into South Wales from the late 1060s onwards, pushing westwards from their bases in recently occupied England.[14] Their advance was marked by the construction of castles, frequently on old Roman sites, and the creation of regional lordships.[15] The reuse of Roman sites produced considerable savings in the manpower required to construct large earth fortifications.[16]
Cardiff Castle was built during this period. There are two possible dates for the construction: William the Conqueror may have built a castle at Cardiff as early as 1081 on his return from his pilgrimage to St Davids.[17] Alternatively, the first Norman fortification may have been constructed around 1091 by Robert Fitzhamon, the lord of Gloucester.[18] Fitzhamon invaded the region in 1090, and used the castle as a base for the occupation of the rest of southern Glamorgan over the next few years.[19] The site was close to the sea and could be easily supplied by ship, was well protected by the Rivers Taff and Rhymney and also controlled the old Roman road running along the coast.[20]
Cardiff Castle was a
The conquered lands in Glamorgan were given out in packages called knights' fees, and many of these knights held their lands on condition that they provided forces to protect Cardiff Castle.
12th–14th centuries
FitzHamon was fatally injured at the
Tensions with the Welsh continued, and in 1158
Upon Isabel's death in 1217 the castle passed through her sister to
Richard's grandson, Gilbert de Clare, the last male de Clare, died at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 and the castle was given to Hugh Despenser the Younger, the controversial favourite of Edward II.[33] Poor harvests and harsh governance by the Despenser family encouraged a Welsh rebellion under Llywelyn Bren in 1316; this was crushed and Llywelyn was hanged, drawn and quartered in Cardiff Castle in 1318 on Hugh's orders.[44] The execution attracted much criticism from across both the English and Welsh communities, and in 1321 Hugh arrested Sir William Fleminge as a scapegoat for the incident, first detaining him in the Black Tower and then executing him in the castle grounds.[45] Conflict between the Despensers and the other Marcher Lords broke out soon after, leading to the castle being sacked in 1321 during the Despenser War.[33] The Despensers recovered the castle and retained it for the rest of the century, despite the execution of Hugh Despenser for treason in 1326.[46] Under a 1340 charter granted by the Despensers, the castle's constable was made the de facto mayor of Cardiff, controlling the local courts.[47]
15th–16th centuries
By the 15th century, the Despensers were increasingly using Caerphilly Castle as their main residence in the region rather than Cardiff.
Richard did not acquire Caerphilly Castle as part of the marriage settlement, so he set about redeveloping Cardiff instead.[51] He built a new tower alongside the Black Tower in 1430, restoring the gateway, and extended the motte defences.[52] He also constructed a substantial new domestic range in the south-west of the site between 1425 and 1439, with a central octagonal tower 75-foot (23 m) high, sporting defensive machicolations, and featuring four smaller polygonal turrets facing the inner bailey.[53] The range was built of Lias ashlar stone with limestone used for some of the details, set upon the spur bases characteristic of South Wales and incorporated parts of the older 4th and 13th century walls.[54] The buildings were influenced by similar work in the previous century at Windsor Castle and would in turn shape renovations at Newport and Nottingham Castles; the octagonal tower has architectural links to Guy's Tower, built at around the same time in Warwick Castle.[55] A flower garden was built to the south of the range, with private access to Richard's chambers.[56] Richard also rebuilt the town's wider defences, including a new stone bridge over the River Taff guarded by the West Gate, finishing the work by 1451.[57]
Cardiff Castle remained in the hands of Richard's son
The Crown leased the castle to
17th–18th centuries
In 1610 the
With the Royalist military position across the country worsening, King Charles himself came to Cardiff Castle that July to meet with local Welsh leaders.[73] Relations between his commander in the region, Sir Charles Gerard, and the people of Glamorgan had deteriorated badly and when Charles left the castle, he was confronted by a small army of angry locals, demanding to be given control of the castle.[73] These clubmen then declared themselves the "Peaceable Army" and increased their demands to include near independence for the region.[74] After negotiations, a compromise was found in which the royal garrison would quit the castle, to be replaced by a local Glamorgan force, commanded by Sir Richard Beaupré; in return, £800 and a force of a thousand men were promised to Charles.[73] In September, Charles returned to South Wales and reneged on the agreement, disbanding the Peaceable Army, but his military position in the region was collapsing.[75] The Peaceable Army's leaders switched sides and forced the surrender of Cardiff and the castle to Parliament in mid-September.[75]
With the outbreak of fresh fighting in 1648, a Royalist army of 8,000 fresh recruits was mustered under the command of General Rowland Laugharne and Sir Edward Stradling, with the intent of retaking Cardiff.[76] Parliamentary forces in Brecon under the command of Colonel Thomas Horton moved quickly to reinforce the castle, although with only 3,000 men they were content to wait until a larger army under Oliver Cromwell could arrive from Gloucester.[76] With time against them, the Royalist army attacked, leading to the battle of St Fagans just to the west of Cardiff, and a heavy Royalist defeat.[77]
After the war, Cardiff Castle escaped the
Lady Charlotte Herbert was the last of the family to control Cardiff Castle.[79] She married twice, latterly to Thomas, Viscount Windsor, and on her death in 1733 the castle passed to their son, Herbert.[79] Herbert's daughter, Charlotte Jane Windsor, married, in November 1766, John, Lord Mount Stuart, who rose to become the Marquess of Bute in 1794, beginning a family line that would control the castle for the next century.[79]
In 1776, Bute began to renovate the property with the intention of turning it into a residence for his son, John.[81] The grounds were radically altered under a programme of work that involved Capability Brown and his son-in-law, Henry Holland.[82] The stone wall that separated the inner and outer baileys was destroyed using gunpowder, the Shire Hall and the knights' houses in the outer bailey were destroyed and the remaining ground partially flattened; the whole of the area was laid with turf.[83] Considerable work was carried out on the main lodgings, demolishing the Herbert additions, building two new wings and removing many of the older features to produce a more contemporary, 18th-century appearance.[84] The keep and motte was stripped of the ivy and trees that had grown up them, and a spiral path was laid down around the motte.[85] The motte's moat was filled in as part of the landscaping.[86] A summer house was built in the south-east corner of the castle.[85] Further work was planned on the property, including a reported proposal to roof the keep in copper, insert new windows and turn it into an assembly room for dances, but these projects were cut short by the death of Bute's son in 1794.[84]
19th century
In 1814 Bute's grandson, John, inherited his title and the castle. In 1825 the new marquess began a sequence of investments in the Cardiff Docks, an expensive programme of work that would enable Cardiff to become a major coal exporting port.[87] Although the docks were not particularly profitable, they transformed the value of the Butes' mining and land interests, making the family immensely wealthy.[88] By 1900, the family estate owned 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) of land in Glamorgan.[89]
The second marquess preferred to live on the
John, 3rd Marquess of Bute, inherited the title and castle in 1848.[95] He was then less than a year old, and as he grew up he came to despise the existing castle, believing that it represented a mediocre, half-hearted example of the Gothic style.[96] The young Lord Bute engaged the architect William Burges to undertake the remodelling of the castle. The two shared a passion in medieval Gothic Revivalism and this, combined with Bute's huge financial resources, enabled Burges to rebuild the property on a grand scale. Burges brought with him almost of all of the team that had supported him on earlier projects, including John Starling Chapple, William Frame and Horatio Lonsdale.[97] Burges's contribution, in particular his research into the history of the castle and his architectural imagination, was critical to the transformation.[98]
Work began on Lord Bute's coming of age in 1868 with the construction of the 150-foot (46 m) high Clock Tower.
As the rest of the castle was developed, work progressed along the rest of the 18th century range including the construction of the Guest Tower, the Arab Room, the Chaucer Room, the Nursery, the Library, the Banqueting Hall and bedrooms for both Lord and Lady Bute.[97] In plan, the new castle followed the arrangement of a standard Victorian country house quite closely. The Bute Tower included Lord Bute's bedroom and ended in another highlight, the Roof Garden, featuring a sculpture of the Madonna and child by Ceccardo Fucigna. Bute's bedroom contained extensive religious iconography and an en-suite bathroom. The Octagon Tower followed, including an oratory, built on the spot where Bute's father died, and the Chaucer Room, the roof of which is considered by historian Mark Girouard to be a "superb example of Burges's genius".[103]
The central part of the castle comprised a two-storey banqueting hall, with the library below. Both are enormous, the latter to hold part of the bibliophile marquess's vast library. Both included elaborate carvings and fireplaces, those in the banqueting hall depicting the castle itself in the time of Robert, Duke of Normandy.[104] The decoration here is less impressive than elsewhere in the castle, as much of it was completed after Burges's death by Lonsdale, a less talented painter.[103] The Arab Room in the Herbert Tower remains however one of Burges's masterpieces. Its jelly mould ceiling in a Moorish style is particularly notable. It was this room on which Burges was working when he died and Bute placed Burges's initials, and his own, and the date 1881 in the fireplace as a memorial.[105] The central portion of the castle also included the Grand Staircase, recorded in a watercolour perspective prepared by Axel Haig.[106]
Burges's interiors at Cardiff Castle have been widely praised. The historian Megan Aldrich considers them amongst "the most magnificent that the gothic revival ever achieved", J. Mordaunt Crook has described them as "three dimensional passports to fairy kingdoms and realms of gold", and John Newman praises them as "most successful of all the fantasy castles of the nineteenth century."[107] The exterior of the castle, however, has received a more mixed reception from critics. Crook admires the variegated and romantic silhouette of the building, but architect John Grant considered them to present a "picturesque if not happy combination" of varying historical styles, and Adrian Pettifer criticises them as "incongruous" and excessively Gothic in style.[108]
Work was also carried out on the castle grounds, the interior being flattened further, destroying much of the medieval and Roman archaeological remains.[109] In 1889, Lord Bute's building works uncovered the remains of the old Roman fort for the first time since the 11th century, leading to archaeological investigations being carried out in 1890.[12] New walls in a Roman style were built by William Frame on the foundations of the originals, complete with a reconstructed Roman North Gate, and the outer medieval bank was stripped away around the new walls.[110]
The grounds were extensively planted with trees and shrubs, including over the motte.
20th and 21st centuries
John, the fourth marquess, acquired the castle in 1900 on the death of his father, and the family estates and investments around the castle began to rapidly reduce in size.[115] Cardiff had grown hugely in the previous century, its population increasing from 1,870 in 1800 to around 250,000 in 1900, but the coal trade began to diminish after 1918 and industry suffered during the depression of the 1920s.[116] John only inherited a part of the Butes' Glamorgan estates, and in the first decades of the 20th century he sold off much of the remaining assets around Cardiff, including the coal mines, docks and railway companies, with the bulk of the land interests being finally sold off or nationalised in 1938.[115]
Development work on the castle continued. There was extensive restoration of the medieval masonry in 1921, with architect John Grant rebuilding the South Gate and the barbican tower, and reconstructing the medieval West Gate and town wall alongside the castle, with the Swiss Bridge being moved in 1927 to make room for the new West Gate development.
In 1947,
Cardiff Castle is now run as a tourist attraction, and is one of the most popular sites in the city.
The castle has been used for a range of cultural and social events. The castle has seen various musical performances, including by
See also
- List of castles in Wales
- Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
- Grade I listed buildings in Cardiff
- List of tallest buildings in Cardiff
Notes
- ^ Cardiff Castle. "Contact Us". Cardiff Castle. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
- ^ National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Aldrich 1994, pp. 93, 211
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 201
- ^ Webster 1981, pp. 203–205
- ^ Webster 1981, pp. 203–205; Grant 1923, p. 10
- ^ Webster 1981, pp. 205–207
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 207; Pettifer 2000, p. 87
- ^ a b Grant 1923, pp. 13–14
- ^ a b Grant 1923, p. 13
- ^ a b Webster 1981, p. 208
- ^ Carpenter 2004, p. 110
- ^ Prior 2006, p. 141; Carpenter 2004, p. 110
- ^ Higham & Barker 2004, pp. 200
- ^ Higham & Barker 2004, pp. 63
- ^ Pounds 1994, pp. 7, 158
- ^ Carpenter 2004, p. 111; Pounds 1994, p. 158
- ^ Pounds 1994, p. 162; Armitage 1912, pp. 293–294; Clark 1884, p. 337
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 208; Grant 1923, p. 25
- ^ Pettifer 2000, p. 87; Grant 1923, p. 23
- ^ a b Newman 1995, p. 196
- ^ Armitage 1912, p. 293
- ^ Clark 1884, p. 338
- ^ Pounds 1994, p. 161
- ^ Pounds 1994, pp. 161–162
- ^ Davies 1990, pp. 12–13; Grant 1923, p. 22
- ^ "Cardiff History". Cardiff & Co. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 22
- ^ Pettifer 2000, p. 88; Grant 1923, p. 51
- ^ Pettifer 2000, p. 88; Davies 2010
- ^ a b c d e Pettifer 2000, p. 88
- ^ Grant 1923, pp. 25–28, 51; Clark 1884, p. 340
- ^ Goodall 2011, p. 129; Grant 1923, p. 28
- ^ Grant 1923, pp. 33–34
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 51; Turner 2009, p. 37
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 51
- ^ Pounds 1994, p. 138; Grant 1923, p. 51
- ^ Clark 1884, p. 336
- ^ a b Grant 1923, p. 30
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 32
- ^ Clark 1884, pp. 340–341, 348
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 52; Roberts 2006, p. 53
- ^ Roberts 2006, p. 53; Grant 1923, pp. 31, 59
- ^ Pettifer 2000, p. 88; Grant 1923, pp. 52–53
- ^ Weinbaum 1943, p. 148; Jenkins 1984, p. 182
- ^ Goodall 2011, pp. 3192, 44
- ^ a b c d e Grant 1923, p. 53
- ^ Grant 1923, pp. 31, 34–35
- ^ Goodall 2011, p. 344
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 31; Goodall 2011, p. 344
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 37; Goodall 2011, p. 344; Clark 1884, p. 341
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 37; Goodall 2011, p. 344; Clark 1884, pp. 341–342
- ^ Goodall 2011, p. 344; Clark 1884, p. 342
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. p. 2. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.; Clark 1884, p. 344
- ^ Grant 1923, pp. 35–36
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 54
- ^ Taylor 1997, p. 19
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 60
- ^ Clark 1884, p. 337
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 54; Clark 1884, p. 337
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 210
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 209; Clark 1884, p. 349
- ^ Clark 1884, p. 349
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 31
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 61
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. p. 2. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.; Clark 1884, p. 347
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 63
- ^ Grant 1923, pp. 63–64
- ^ a b c Grant 1923, p. 64
- ^ Grant 1923, pp. 64–65
- ^ a b c Grant 1923, p. 65
- ^ Hutton 2003, p. 188
- ^ a b Bennett 2000, p. 99
- ^ a b Grant 1923, p. 66
- ^ Grant 1923, pp. 66–67
- ^ a b Thompson 1987, p. 155
- ^ a b c d Grant 1923, p. 55
- ^ Jenkins 1984, p. 182
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 67
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 211; Jenkins 2002, p. 198
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 211; Grant 1923, p. 67
- ^ a b Grant 1923, pp. 67–68
- ^ a b c d Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. p. 3. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Clark 1884, p. 348
- ^ Cannadine 1994, pp. 16, 48
- ^ Cannadine 1994, pp. 16, 48; Daunton 2008, p. 165
- ^ Benham, Stephen (March 2001). "Glamorgan Estate of Lord Bute collection" (PDF). National Archives. p. 1. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Davies 1981, p. 17
- ^ Davies 1981, p. 91
- ^ Davies 1981, p. 51
- ^ Davies 1981, pp. 104–105
- ^ Davies 1981, p. 125
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 57
- ^ Newman 1995, p. 198
- ^ a b Newman 1995, pp. 202–208
- ^ Newman 1995, p. 194
- ^ a b Girouard 1979, p. 275
- ^ Newman 1995, p. 204
- ^ Eastlake 2012, p. 355.
- ^ Girouard 1979, p. 279
- ^ a b Girouard 1979, p. 287
- ^ Girouard 1979, p. 288
- ^ Girouard 1979, p. 290
- ^ Crook & Lennox-Boyd 1984, p. 9, illustrations; Newman 1995, p. 202
- ^ Newman 1995, p. 194; Crook 1981, pp. 277–278; Aldrich 1994, pp. 93, 211
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 10; Pettifer 2000, p. 90; Crook 1981, p. 279
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 211
- ^ a b Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. p. 4. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Benham, Stephen (March 2001). "Glamorgan Estate of Lord Bute collection" (PDF). National Archives. p. 2. Retrieved 4 November 2012.; Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ a b Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. p. 5. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ a b Benham, Stephen (March 2001). "Glamorgan Estate of Lord Bute collection" (PDF). National Archives. p. 2. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Jenkins 2002, pp. 26, 33; Nicholas 1872, p. 461
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 35; Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. p. 4. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.; Newman 1995, p. 197
- ^ Grant 1923, p. 14; Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. p. 6. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Newman 1995, p. 202
- ^ Webster 1981, p. 211; Young, Alison (2 July 2011). "Cardiff castle opens up wartime shelters". Wales Online. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Jones 2005, p. 52
- ^ Jenkins 2002, p. 33; Jones 2005, p. 52; Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales 1991, p. 172
- National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Alford, Abby (27 October 2010). "Report highlights booming tourist trade in Cardiff". Wales Online. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Law, Peter (25 November 2010). "Cardiff Castle retreat restored to former glory". Wales Online. Retrieved 4 November 2012.; Tom Morgan. "Cardiff Castle - Eligibility for Museum Accreditation (Acquisition and Disposal Policy)". Cardiff Council. p. 4. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park". Coflein. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2012.; Gockelen-Kozlowski, Tom (7 July 2011). "Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama guide". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "New £6 Million Interpretation Centre Opens At Cardiff Castle". Culture24. 13 June 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ "Welcome to the Museums of the Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st)". The Royal Regiment of Wales. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.; "About the Museum". Firing Line - Cardiff Castle Museum of the Welsh Soldier. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Row & Squire 1974, p. 102
References
- Aldrich, Megan (1994). Gothic Revival. London, UK: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-3631-7.
- Armitage, Ella S. (1912). The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles. London, UK: J. Murray. OCLC 458514584.
- Bennett, Martyn (2000). The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638–1661. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15901-2.
- Carpenter, David (2004). The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284. London, UK: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4.
- Cannadine, David (1994). Aspects of Aristocracy: Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05981-6.
- Clark, Geo T. (1884). Mediaeval Military Architecture in England. Vol. 1. London, UK: Wyman and Sons. OCLC 277807592.
- Crook, J. Mordaunt (1981). William Burges and the High Victorian Dream. London, UK: John Murray.
- Crook, J. Mordaunt; Lennox-Boyd, C. (1984). Axel Haig and the Victorian Vision of the Middle Ages. London, UK: Allen & Unwin.
- Daunton, Martin (2008). State and Market in Victorian Britain: War, Welfare and Capitalism. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-383-3.
- Davies, John (1981). Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-2463-9.
- Davies, John (2010). "Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute". In Ayto, John; Crofton, Ian (eds.). Brewer's Britain and Ireland. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- Davies, R. R. (1990). Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100–1300. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02977-3.
- ISBN 978-1-108-05191-0.
- Girouard, Mark (1979). The Victorian Country House. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press.
- Goodall, John (2011). The English Castle. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11058-6.
- Grant, John P. (1923). Cardiff Castle: Its History and Architecture. Cardiff, UK: William Lewis. OCLC 34158534.
- Higham, Robert; Barker, Philip (2004). Timber Castles. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-753-2.
- Hutton, Ronald (2003). Royalist War Effort, 1642–1646. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-30540-2.
- Jenkins, Philip (1984). "The Tory Tradition in Eighteenth-Century Cardiff". Welsh History Review. 12 (2): 180–196.
- Jenkins, Philip (2002). The Making of a Ruling Class: the Glamorgan Gentry 1640–1790. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52194-9.
- Jones, Nigel R. (2005). Architecture of England, Scotland and Wales. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4.
- Newman, John (1995). The Buildings of Wales: Glamorgan. London, UK: Penguin.
- Nicholas, Thomas (1872). Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales. London, UK: Longmans. OCLC 4948061.
- Pettifer, Adrian (2000). Welsh Castles: A Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-778-8.
- Pounds, Norman John Greville (1994). The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3.
- Prior, Stuart (2006). A Few Well-Positioned Castles: The Norman Art of War. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-3651-7.
- Roberts, Geraint (2006) [2001]. Welsh Castles (2nd ed.). Talybont, UK: Y Lolfa. ISBN 978-0-86243-550-9.
- Row, B. W.; Squire, F. G. (1974). Cardiff 1889–1974: The Story of the County Borough. Cardiff, UK: Corporation of Cardiff. OCLC 1176367.
- Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (1991). Glamorgan: Early Castles. Cardiff, UK: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. ISBN 9780113000357.
- Taylor, Arnold (1997) [1953]. Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls (4th ed.). Cardiff, UK: Cadw. ISBN 1-85760-042-8.
- Thompson, M. W. (1987). The Decline of the Castle. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-85422-608-2.
- Turner, Ralph (2009). King John: England's Evil King?. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4850-3.
- Webster, P. (1981). "Archaeological Notes: Cardiff Castle Excavations 1974–81". Morgannwg. 25: 201–211.
- Weinbaum, Martin (1943). British Borough Charters, 1307–1660. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 4178907.
Further reading
- Crook, J. Mordaunt (1981). The Strange Genius of William Burges. Cardiff, UK: National Museum of Wales.
External links
Media related to Cardiff Castle at Wikimedia Commons