Carotid sinus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Carotid sinus
branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinus
Identifiers
Latinsinus caroticus
MeSHD002346
TA98A12.2.04.008
A12.2.06.003
TA24367
FMA50094
Anatomical terminology]

In

external carotid at the level of the superior border of thyroid cartilage. The carotid sinus extends from the bifurcation to the "true" internal carotid artery.[1] The carotid sinus is sensitive to pressure changes in the arterial blood at this level. It is the major baroreception site in humans and most mammals
.

Structure

The carotid sinus is the reflex area of the carotid artery, consisting of baroreceptors which monitor blood pressure.

Function

The carotid sinus contains numerous

innervate the carotid sinus centrally project to the solitary nucleus in the medulla of the brainstem. The solitary nucleus indirectly modulates the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the medulla and pons through the hypothalamus. These neurons then regulate the autonomic control of the heart and blood vessels. The aortic arch baroreceptors are innervated by the aortic nerve (nerve of Cyon, Ludwig nerve), which combines with CN X (vagus nerve
) and travels to the NTS.

Clinical significance

It is a sensitive site of the body because stimulation can drive large-scale

cerebral ischemia. This is the mechanism of baroreflex activation therapy
.

Disease

The carotid sinus often has

prophylaxis
.

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity

The carotid sinus baroreceptor can be oversensitive to manual stimulation from the pressure applied at the carotid sinus at the

presyncope) on several occasions while shaving, or in some other way coming into contact with their carotid sinus. Denervation is performed as treatment for this.[6][7]

Usually older patients with syncope and unexplained falls often have coexisting conditions such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity,

vasovagal syncope.[7][8]

Carotid sinus syndrome

Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is a temporary loss of consciousness that sometimes accompanies convulsive seizures because of the intensity of the carotid sinus reflex when pressure builds in one or both carotid sinuses.[9]

Treatment of resistant hypertension

Stimulation of baroreceptors at the carotid sinus can be used to treat resistant hypertension via activation of the baroreflex. A pacemaker-like device can be implanted to electrically stimulate the receptors chronically, which is found to lower blood pressure by 15–25 mmHg.[4]

Massage

See also: vagal maneuver and Czermak–Hering test

Massage of the carotid sinus, carotid sinus massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from ventricular tachycardia. Like the valsalva maneuver, it is a treatment for acute SVT.[10] It is less effective than pharmaceutical management of SVT with verapamil or adenosine,[11] but it is still the preferred first line of treatment in a hemodynamically stable patient.[12]

Carotid sinus reflex death

Carotid sinus reflex death is a potential

plaque. This could lead to any number of life-threatening effects, including stroke
.

In martial arts and self defense

Stimulation of the carotid sinus via a slap or a strike, to induce (usually temporary, but sometimes lethal) loss of consciousness is a self-defense technique, and is often taught in martial arts such as karate.[18]

See also

References

  1. OCLC 797855544
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0
    .
  3. ISBN 978-1-4160-3618-0
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 20883933
    .
  5. PMID 3052352
    .
  6. PMID 32644485
    . Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  7. ^ a b Wijetunga MN (2021-10-16). Talavera F, Compton SJ (eds.). "Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". Medscape.
  8. PMID 24947997
    .
  9. PMID 29136223
    .
  10. PMID 9437338
    .
  11. PMID 15288158
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-87493-496-0
    .
  13. PMID 13901589
    .
  14. PMID 16216770
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-59745-015-7
    .
  16. ^ Passig K. "Carotid sinus reflex death - a theory and its history". Datenschlag. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2006.
  17. PMID 1146669
    .
  18. ^ Sensei B (8 November 2013). "Carotid Sinus strike/slap as an effective self defense technique". Full Potential Martial Arts. Retrieved 30 May 2015.

Additional Images

  • Carotid sinus
    Carotid sinus

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carotid_sinus&oldid=1215305207"