Ceasefires in Myanmar
This article needs to be updated.(April 2016) |
Ceasefires in Myanmar have been heavily utilized by the Burmese government as a policy to contain ethnic rebel groups and create tentative
Background
The internal conflict in Myanmar began after the country's
In the 1980s, rebel groups controlled most of the country's periphery. The two major organisations fighting against the
By the late 1980s, the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) had weakened considerably, because of waning Chinese financial support and internal strife. During the
National Reconciliation after 1988
Government troops heavily used
Agreements
The signed ceasefire agreements have been nothing more than temporary military truces to suspend fighting and preserve the status quo, allowing the rebel groups to retain administrative control of their territories. Weaker or splinter rebel groups typically forfeit their territories to the government.[1] Most agreements simply stipulated that the groups would be allowed to retain their arms and territories until the promulgation of a new constitution.
As part of the ceasefires, the government began the Border Area Development Programme in 1989, which became a ministry-level body in 1992, as the Ministry for the Progress of Border Areas and National Races and has built road infrastructure, schools, and hospitals in rebel-occupied territories.[6]
On 31 March 2015, Burmese President Thein Sein signed a nationwide ceasefire draft along with many ethnic leaders and government officials.[7]
Border Guard Forces
In April 2009, Lieutenant General
List of ceasefires
Since 1989, the
Organisation | Region | Effective date | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) | Special Region 1, Shan State | 21 March 1989 | Kokang-led, split from the Communist Party of Burma |
United Wa State Army (UWSA) | Special Region 2, Shan State | 9 May 1989 | Also known as the Myanmar National Solidarity Party, split from the Communist Party of Burma |
National Democratic Alliance Army (NDAA) | Special Region 4, Shan State | 30 June 1989 | |
Shan State Army (SSA) | Special Region 3, Shan State | 2 September 1989 | |
New Democratic Army - Kachin (NDA-K) |
Special Region 1, Northeast Kachin State | 15 December 1989 | |
Kachin Defense Army (KDA) | Special Region 5, Northern Shan State | 13 January 1991 | Former 4th Brigade of the Kachin Independence Organisation |
Pa-O National Organisation (PNO) | Special Region 6, Southern Shan State | 11 April 1991 | |
Palaung State Liberation Army (PSLA) | Special Region 7, Northern Shan State | 21 April 1991 | |
Kayan National Guard (KNG) | Special Region 1, Kayah State | 27 February 1992 | Split from KNLP |
Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) | Special Region 2, Kachin State | 24 February 1994 | Ceasefire broke down on 9 June 2011, when fighting resumed.[12] |
Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF) | Special Region 2, Kayah (Karenni) State | 9 May 1994 | |
Kayan New Land Party (KNLP) | Special Region 3, Kayah (Karenni) State | 26 July 1994 | |
Shan State Nationalities Peoples' Liberation Organisation (SSNPLO) | Southern Shan State | 9 October 1994 | |
New Mon State Party (NMSP) | Mon State | 29 June 1995 | |
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) | Karen State | 1995 | |
Mongko Region Defence Army (MRDA) | Shan State | 1995 | Split from Myanmar National Democracy Alliance Army |
Shan State National Army (SSNA) | Shan State | 1995 | |
Karenni National Defence Army (KNDA) | Karen State | 1996 | Split from KNPP |
Karen Peace Force (KPF) | Karen State | 1997 | Former 16th Battalion of the Karen National Union |
Arakan Province )(CPB) |
Rakhine State | 1997 | |
Mon Mergui Army (MMA) | Mon State | 1997 | Split from New Mon State Party |
KNU Special Region Group Toungoo (KNU) | Bago Division | 1997 | |
Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) | Kayah State | 2005 | Ceasefire broke down within 3 months |
Shan State Army - South (SSA-South) 758th Brigade |
Shan State | 2006 | Split from RCSS/SSA |
New Democratic Army - Kachin (NDAK) |
Kachin State | 2007 | |
KNU/KNLA Peace Council (KNU/KNLA PC) | Karen State | 2007 | Former 7th Battalion of the Karen National Union |
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) 3rd Brigade | Karen State | 3 November 2011[13] | Fighting resumed on 19 February 2012.[14] |
Kaloh Htoo Baw armed group | Karen State | 5 November 2011[15] | Former DKBA |
Shan State Army – South |
- | 19 November 2011[16] | Informal ceasefire agreement; Despite a ceasefire agreement in place, fighting is still occurring between the Tatmadaw and SSA-South rebel troops, as of March 2012.[17] |
Chin National Front (CNF) | Chin State | 8 January 2012[18] | |
Karen National Union (KNU)[19] | Karen State | 7 February 2012[20] | |
Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS) | Shan State | 17 January 2012[21] | Political arm of Shan State Army |
Shan State Progressive Party (SSPP) |
Shan State | 28 January 2012[22] | Political arm of the Shan State Army |
New Mon State Party (NMSP) | Mon State | 31 January 2012[23] | |
Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) | Kayah State | 6 March 2012[24] | |
ABSDF Arakan Liberation Party Chin National Front DKBA-5 Karen National Union KNU/KNLA Peace Council Pa-O National Liberation Army Restoration Council of Shan State |
nationwide | 15 October 2015 | Known as the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement. |
See also
- Union Peace Conference - 21st Century Panglong
References
- ^ a b c d e Kramer, Tom (July 2009). "Neither War Nor Peace: The Future of Cease-fire Agreements in Burma" (PDF). Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Myanmar signs ceasefire with eight armed groups". Reuters. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Conflicts, communal violence and IDPs". Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ Shan Human Rights Foundation (SHRF). (1998). Dispossessed: forced relocation and extrajudicial killings in Shan State. Chiang Mai: SHRF Special Publication.
- ^ Wilson, T. (2006). Myanmar's long road to national reconciliation (1st ed., p. 39). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- ^ Lall, Marie (23 November 2009). "Ethnic Conflict and the 2010 Elections in Burma". Asia Program Papers. Chatnam House.
- ^ Tun, Thiha (2 April 2015). "Myanmar Government And Ethnic Leaders Sign Tentative Peace Deal". Radio Free Asia.
- ^ Wai Moe (31 August 2009). "Border Guard Force Plan Leads to End of Ceasefire". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ "NDF Report on Ceasefire Groups Resisting SPDC's Pressure and Instability" (PDF). National Democratic Front (Burma). Mae Sot, Thailand. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ "List of Cease-fire Agreements with the Junta". The Irrawaddy. 1 January 2004. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ "Cease-Fire Agreements with the Junta – Women Excluded from the Process" (PDF). Global Justice Center. Retrieved 18 March 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 978-1564328748.
- ^ Saw Yan Naing (4 November 2011). "DKBA Brigade 5 Reaches Ceasefire with Naypyidaw". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Saw Yan Naing (23 February 2012). "DKBA Ceasefire Breaks Down". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ "Kayin State peace making group, Kaloh Htoo Baw armed group (former DKBA) sign initial peace agreement". New Light of Myanmar. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ Saw Yan Naing (21 November 2012). "KNU and SSA-South Informally Agree Ceasefire with Govt". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Lawi Weng (20 March 2012). "Govt Troops Clash with SSA-South Despite Truce". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ "Initial peace agreement inked between State Level Peace-making Group and CNF". New Light of Myanmar. 8 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (12 January 2012). "Burmese Government and Ethnic Rebel Group Sign Cease-Fire". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Kayin State peace-making group, KNU/KNLA Peace Council sign initial peace agreement". New Light of Myanmar. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Union level peace-making group, RCSS/SSA peace-making group sign 11 initial agreement". New Light of Myanmar. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Peace agreement signed between Union level peace-making group and Shan State Progressive Party (SSPP)/Shan State Army peace-making group". New Light of Myanmar. 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Mon State level peace-making group, NMSP peace-making group sign initial agreement". New Light of Myanmar. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "State level peace-making group, KNPP peace-making group sign initial agreement". New Light of Myanmar. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.