Religion in Myanmar

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and other groups residing in the country.

Buddhism is a part of Myanmar culture. Section 361 of the Constitution states that "The Union recognizes the special position of Buddhism as the faith professed by the great majority of the citizens of the Union."^[1] According to the 2014 census of the Burmese government

Ethnic minorities practice

Nat worship is common in Myanmar. Nats are named spirits and shrines can be seen around the country, either standing alone, or as part of Buddhist temples. Nat worship has a relationship with Myanmar Buddhism and there is a recognised pantheon of 37 nats.

Note: the figures of Burma's Muslim population is divided into two. One that exclude non-citizens like

who are ordinary residents and the other that includes them. In latter, the Muslim population will only be as low as 2.3% of the whole population of Burma, according to the census conducted by the Burmese Government.

	Buddhist	Christian	Muslim	Hindu	Tribal religions	Other religions	Not religious
1973[4]	88.8%	4.6%	3.9%	0.4%	2.2%	0.1%	—
1983[4]	89.4%	4.9%	3.9%	0.5%	1.2%	0.1%	—
2014[4][note 1]	87.9%	6.2%	4.3%	0.5%	0.8%	0.2%	0.1%

.

Religion by State/Region in Myanmar^[5]

State/Region	Buddhism		Christianity		Islam		Animism		Hinduism		Other religions		No religion		Not stated		Total
	num.	%	num.	%	num.	%	num.	%	num.	%	num.	%	num.	%	num.	%
Ayeyarwady Region	5,699,665	92.2%	388,348	6.3%	84,073	1.4%	459	0%	5,440	0.1%	6,600	0.1%	244	0%	0	0%	6,184,829
Bago Region	4,550,698	93.5%	142,528	2.9%	56,753	1.2%	4,296	0.1%	100,166	2.1%	12,687	0.3%	245	0%	0	0%	4,867,373
Chin State	62,079	13%	408,730	85.4%	690	0.1%	1,830	0.4%	106	0%	5,292	1.1%	74	0%	0	0%	478,801
Kachin State	1,050,610	62.2%	555,037	32.9%	26,789	1.6%	3,972	0.2%	5,738	0.3%	474	0%	221	0%	46,600	2.8%	1,689,441
Kayah State	142,896	49.9%	131,237	45.8%	3,197	1.1%	5,518	1.9%	269	0.1%	3,451	1.2%	59	0%	0	0%	286,627
Kayin State	1,271,766	80.8%	142,875	9.1%	68,459	4.3%	1,340	0.1%	9,585	0.6%	10,194	0.6%	107	0%	69,753	4.4%	1,574,079
Magway Region	3,870,316	98.8%	27,015	0.7%	12,311	0.3%	3,353	0.1%	2,318	0.1%	1,467	0%	275	0%	0	0%	3,917,055
Mandalay Region	5,898,160	95.7%	65,061	1.1%	187,785	3%	188	0%	11,689	0.2%	2,301	0%	539	0%	0	0%	6,165,723
Mon State	1,901,667	92.6%	10,791	0.5%	119,086	5.8%	109	0%	21,076	1%	1,523	0.1%	141	0%	0	0%	2,054,393
Nay Pyi Taw	1,123,036	96.8%	12,293	1.1%	24,030	2.1%	20	0%	516	0%	286	0%	61	0%	0	0%	1,160,242
Rakhine State	2,019,370	63.3%	36,791	1.2%	1,118,731	35.1%	2,711	0.1%	9,791	0.3%	759	0%	654	0%	0	0%	3,188,807
Sagaing Region	4,909,960	92.2%	349,377	6.6%	58,987	1.1%	89	0%	2,793	0.1%	2,928	0.1%	1,213	0%	0	0%	5,325,347
Shan State	4,755,834	81.7%	569,389	9.8%	58,918	1%	383,072	6.6%	5,416	0.1%	27,036	0.5%	24,767	0.4%	0	0%	5,824,432
Tanintharyi Region	1,231,719	87.5%	100,758	7.2%	72,074	5.1%	576	0%	2,386	0.2%	567	0%	321	0%	0	0%	1,408,401
Yangon Region	6,697,673	91%	232,249	3.2%	345,612	4.7%	512	0%	75,474	1%	7,260	0.1%	1,923	0%	0	0%	7,360,702

Buddhism

Buddhism in Myanmar is predominantly of the Theravada tradition, practised by about 90% of the country's population.^[4][6][7] It is the most religious Buddhist country in terms of the proportion of monks in the population and proportion of income spent on religion.^[8]

Adherents are most likely found among the dominant ethnic

Buddhism in Myanmar dates back to at least the third century from contact between what is believed to be the Mon people of Lower Myanmar and Southern Indian kings in

converted to Theravada Buddhism after his conquests of the region driving out Ari Buddhism and incorporating traditional nats into the new Theravada sect that would become a solid part of Burmese history and culture.

Buddhists, although clearly professed by the majority of people in Myanmar, have their complaints regarding religious freedom. In 1961, Prime Minister U Nu made Buddhism the state religion and caused dissent amongst Christian Kachin nationalists and was one of the main factors for the Kachin conflict.^[15] In 1962, following Ne Win's coup d'état, this policy and other policies promoting Buddhism were reversed.^[16]

A political party, the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, split from the main Karen nationalist movement, the Karen National Union (KNU), after the Buddhists were denied to rebuild and repair the stupas at Manerplaw. The top leadership of the KNU were also dominated by Christians, although roughly 65% of the Karen are Buddhist.

Many monks took part in the 2007 Saffron Revolution and were reportedly arrested by government security forces.^[17]

Buddhism is the fastest growing religion and majority religion in Myanmar.^{[citation needed]} However, all data about religious demographics is difficult. Although many must list their religion on government forms and identification documents, the number of adherents varies widely from source to source. The constitution provides for freedom of religion but the government imposes restrictions on other religions and grants special preferences towards Buddhism. The Department for the Perpetuation and Propagation of the Sasana and state-sponsored State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee support and regulate Buddhism in the country.^[18] The Committee has the power to disrobe monks who have violated its decrees and edicts as well as Vinaya regulations and laws, and expel monks from their resident monasteries.^[19] There is also a deep, mutually legitimising historical relationship between the state and the Sangha (monkhood) with long held inseparability of Buddhism and politics within the country.^[20]

make up the remainder.

.

Muslims in Myanmar largely fall into the following main groups:[22]

Main groups

• Zerbadi Muslims, descendent community of intermarriages between
  Bamar females.^[23] They are the largest Muslim group in Myanmar and form more than half of the total Muslim population in the country.^[24]
• British India who live mainly in Yangon and Mandalay
  .
• Rohingyas, a ethnic minority group in northern Rakhine State, mostly concentrated in five Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, Sittwe and Kyauktaw townships.
• Panthay, Burmese Chinese Muslims and descendants of Chinese Hui people
• Kamein people, an ethnic minority in Rakhine State.
• Burmese Malays, largely in Kawthaung. People of Malay ancestry are locally called Pashu regardless of religion.
• Arabs
  and various other smaller groups.

The first Muslims in Mynamar date to early merchants during the

The colonial period saw substantial immigration leading to various riots and anti-Muslim sentiment growing out of more general anti-Indian and anti-colonial sentiment. Post-independence, Muslims generally became increasingly seen as unwelcome foreign elements regardless of their ethnic origin or cultural attitudes.[22]

In 1982, the government introduced regulations that denied citizenship to anyone who could not prove Burmese ancestry from before 1823.^[27] This disenfranchised many Muslims in Myanmar, even though they had lived in Myanmar for several generations.^[28]

Anti-Muslim riots became increasingly common in the early 21st century. The 2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots further inflamed tensions.^[29] The Rohingya people are a large Muslim group in Myanmar; the Rohingyas have been among the most persecuted group under Myanmar's military regime.^[30] The UN states that the Rohingyas are one of the most persecuted groups in the world.^[31] In 2016, the military of Myanmar conducted military operations with widespread human rights abuses during the Rohingya genocide which was charactersied by the United Nations as ethnic cleansing.^[32]

Hinduism is the fourth-largest religion in Myanmar, being practised by 1.7% of the population of Myanmar in 2020.^[33]

Hinduism was predominantly pervasive in Burma during ancient times, declining after Buddhism was introduced. The name Burma derives from the first half of "Brahma Desha" the ancient name of the region.^[34] Hinduism greatly influenced the royal court of Burmese kings, the architecture of cities such as Bagan, and the Burmese language. In the colonial era, Hindu workers were brought in by British colonial government to serve in plantations and mines. According to 1931 census, 55% of Rangoon's (Yangon) population were Indian migrants, mostly Hindus.^[35]

After independence from Britain, the dictator Ne Win adopted xenophobic policies and expelled 300,000 Indian ethnic people, including many Hindus, from Burma between 1963 and 1967. The Indian policy of encouraging democratic protests in Burma increased persecution of Hindus, as well as led to Burmese retaliatory support of left-leaning rebel groups in northeastern states of India.^[35] Hindus in Myanmar have faced growing, organized discrimination under the military junta following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.^[36]

Historical Hindu practices and festivals remain common in Burma today, even in the majority Buddhist culture. For example, the

Predominantly, Burmese Indians make up Myanmar's population of Hindus. The practice of Hinduism among Burmese Indians is also influenced by Buddhism, such as housing images of the Buddha in Hindu temples. Other significant groups in Myanmar include Nepali-speaking Burmese Gurkha and a small minority of Bengali Hindus.^[38]

Although Myanmar's Jews once numbered in the thousands, there are currently a few dozen Jews in Yangon (Rangoon), where the country's only synagogue is located. The Musmeah Yeshua Synagogue serves the dozen families left as well as Jewish tourists and foreign workers, but not many show up for daily minyan. Most Jews left Myanmar at the commencement of the Second World War, and most of the Jews who still remained in Myanmar after World War II ended in 1945 left the country after General Ne Win took it over in 1962.^[39]

As of 2023, the Pabedan Township administration recognises the synagogue as a religious building within the township but reported zero Jews or followers of "Other" religions in its population count.^[40]

In 2022, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom- while the constitution provides for freedom of religion, the government, in practice, interferes with religious groups and discriminates against minority groups through actions such as refusing permission for gatherings, restricting proselytisation and allowing the Anti-Muslim Ma Ba Tha organisation to establish "Muslim-free" villages.^[41]

In 2023, the country was ranked as the 14th worst place in the world to be a Christian. Christian minorities are targeted and disproportionately affected by the ongoing 2021 Myanmar civil war.^[42] Particularly, this targeted violence is worst in Christian-majority Chin State where many Christians are forced to flee into neighboring countries, particularly to Northeastern India.^[43]

In March 2023, Christian Solidarity Worldwide noted the arrests of 20,000 people since the coup, the displacement of 1.3 million people and the destruction of churches, temples and mosques.^[44]

• Burmese folk religion

External links

• US State Dept 2022 report
  • "Burma". International Religious Freedom Report 2005. United States Department of State. 8 November 2005.
  • 2001
  • 2002
  • 2003
  • 2004
• US State Dept 2021 report on religious freedom in Burma/ Myanmar