Geography of Myanmar
Exclusive economic zone | 205,706 sq mi (532,780 km2) |
---|
Myanmar (also known as Burma) is the northwesternmost country of mainland Southeast Asia located on the Indochinese peninsula. With an area of 261,228 sq mi (676,578 km2), it is the second largest country in Southeast Asia and the largest on mainland Southeast Asia.[2] The kite-shaped country stretches from 10'N to 20'N for 1,275 miles (2,050 km) with a long tail running along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula.[3]
Myanmar lies along the
Borders
Land
Myanmar has a land border totaling 4,053 miles (6,523 km) bordering five countries and encompassing a total land area of 261,228 square miles (676,580 km2).[2]
The
The
The tripoint with China and India is disputed due to the
The
The
Maritime
The southern maritime boundary follows coordinates marked by both Myanmar and Thailand towards the maritime tripoint with India's
Climate
Tropical monsoon in the lowlands below 1,000 m (3,281 ft); cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April).
Myanmar has three seasons: the cool and drier northeast monsoon running from late October to mid-February, the hot and dry intermonsoonal season from mid-February to mid-May and the rainy southwest monsoon from mid-May to late-October.[3] Colloquially, they are called the winter, summer and rainy seasons respectively.[6] The alternating mountain ranges and valleys create alternate zones of heavy and subdued precipitation during the monsoon season, with the majority of the country's precipitation coming from the southwest monsoons.
Climate varies in the highlands depending on elevation; subtropical temperate climate at around 2,500 m (8,202 ft), temperate at 3,000 m (9,843 ft), cool, alpine at 3,500 m (11,483 ft) and above the alpine zone, cold, harsh tundra and Arctic climate. The higher elevations are subject to heavy snowfall, especially in the north. Distance from the sea also affects temperature and inland highlands can experience daily temperature ranges spanning 22'F (12'C) despite the tropical latitude.[3]
Climate data for Yangon (Kaba–Aye) 1981–2010, extremes 1881–1990 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.9 (102.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.0 (104.0) |
41.1 (106.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.2 (91.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.5 (99.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.1 (91.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.4 (0.02) |
3.1 (0.12) |
12.4 (0.49) |
37.8 (1.49) |
328.1 (12.92) |
565.6 (22.27) |
605.8 (23.85) |
570.7 (22.47) |
393.7 (15.50) |
200.3 (7.89) |
58.6 (2.31) |
6.8 (0.27) |
2,783.3 (109.58) |
Average rainy days | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 12.6 | 25.3 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 19.5 | 12.2 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 129.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
62 | 66 | 69 | 66 | 73 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 85 | 78 | 71 | 65 | 74 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 300 | 272 | 290 | 292 | 181 | 80 | 77 | 92 | 97 | 203 | 280 | 288 | 2,452 |
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute (average high and average low, and precipitation 1981–2010),[7] World Meteorological Organization (rainy days 1961–1990),[8] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes)[9] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity 1931–1960),[10] Myanmar Times (May record high and December record low)[11] Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)[12] |
Climate data for Naypyidaw | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30 (86) |
34 (93) |
36 (97) |
38 (100) |
35 (95) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
30 (86) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
29 (84) |
32.5 (90.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14 (57) |
16 (61) |
20 (68) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
21.2 (70.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
9 (0.4) |
33 (1.3) |
154 (6.1) |
160 (6.3) |
198 (7.8) |
229 (9.0) |
186 (7.3) |
131 (5.2) |
37 (1.5) |
7 (0.3) |
1,151 (45.5) |
Average precipitation days | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 21 | 23 | 24 | 19 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 123 |
Source: Weather2Travel.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013 |
Climate data for Mandalay (1981–2010, extremes 1889–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 37.2 (99.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
42.8 (109.0) |
48.0 (118.4) |
45.0 (113.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
39.8 (103.6) |
43.4 (110.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.5 (101.3) |
34.0 (93.2) |
48.0 (118.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.6 (85.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
38.9 (102.0) |
36.9 (98.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.1 (95.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
28.8 (83.8) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.9 (0.04) |
3.8 (0.15) |
5.8 (0.23) |
40.4 (1.59) |
130.0 (5.12) |
99.5 (3.92) |
74.7 (2.94) |
132.9 (5.23) |
157.1 (6.19) |
130.7 (5.15) |
36.4 (1.43) |
4.9 (0.19) |
817.1 (32.17) |
Average rainy days | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 53.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
68 | 58 | 49 | 50 | 66 | 73 | 71 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 74 | 72 | 68 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 309 | 280 | 301 | 291 | 267 | 208 | 182 | 168 | 215 | 223 | 269 | 278 | 2,991 |
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute (average high and average low, and rainfall 1981–2010),[13] World Meteoroglogical Organization (rainy days 1961–1990),[14] Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1991–2010)[15] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity, 1931–1960),[16] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),[17] |
Climate data for Myitkyina (1981-2010, extremes 1951-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.0 (95.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
38.0 (100.4) |
41.1 (106.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
40.2 (104.4) |
38.3 (100.9) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.5 (99.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.5 (101.3) |
35.5 (95.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
28.4 (83.1) |
25.8 (78.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.3 (82.9) |
28.1 (82.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 9.9 (0.39) |
21.0 (0.83) |
24.0 (0.94) |
54.0 (2.13) |
218.5 (8.60) |
549.2 (21.62) |
543.0 (21.38) |
398.3 (15.68) |
294.7 (11.60) |
170.6 (6.72) |
25.1 (0.99) |
11.7 (0.46) |
2,320 (91.34) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.3 mm) | 2 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 15 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 19 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 152 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
77 | 68 | 64 | 64 | 72 | 83 | 89 | 87 | 85 | 83 | 79 | 78 | 77 |
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute,[18] Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1991–2010, rainy days 1896–1940, humidity 1963–1988)[19] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[20] |
Mountains
Myanmar's mountains create five distinct
Northern Mountains
The Northern Mountains are characterised by complex ranges centred around the eastern ends of the
.Central Lowlands
Myanmar is characterized by its Central Lowlands running north–south between several different mountain ranges. This was deeply excavated by many rivers and today forms the basin for major rivers like the
Western Ranges
The Western Ranges are characterized by the Arakan Mountains running from Manipur into western Myanmar southwards through Rakhine State almost to Cape Negrais in the shores of the Bay of Bengal in Ayeyarwady Region. The mountains reappear as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands further within the Andaman Sea. These mountains are old crystalline rocks separating the Arakan Coast from the rest of the country.[3] The Arakan Range includes the Naga Hills, the Chin Hills, and the Patkai range which includes the Lushai Hills.[22] The Arakan Coast of the Bay of Bengal lays west of these mountains with prominent island archipelagos and coral reefs.
Shan Plateau
In eastern Myanmar, the Shan Plateau rises abruptly from the central lowlands in single steps of some 2,000 feet (600m). The highest point of the
Southeastern Hills
Myanmar's Southeastern Hills and see the
Rivers
The Irrawaddy, the main river of Burma, flows from north to south through the Central Burma Basin and ends in a wide delta. The Mekong river runs from the Tibetan Plateau through China's Yunnan and northeastern Burma into Laos. The basin has significant mining resources and forest ecosystems. Its fertile delta also create 60% of annual rice harvests. The river is historically significant with the Bagan temples on their banks and the Kachin people's homeland near the river's source- the confluence of the N'mai and Mali rivers.[29][4]
In the east the
Maritime claims
Myanmar has the 50th largest exclusive economic zone of 205,706 sq mi (532,780 km2). It includes more than 16 islands and the Mergui Archipelago.
Contiguous zone:
24 nmi (27.6 mi; 44.4 km)
Continental shelf:
200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km) or to the edge of the continental margin
Exclusive economic zone:
205,706 sq mi (532,780 km2), 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km)
Islands
- Apaw-ye Kyun
- Calventuras Islands
- Cheduba Island
- Coco Islands
- Kaingthaung Island
- Kalegauk Island
- Kokunye Kyun
- Kyungyi Island
- Moscos Islands
- Myingun Island
- Nantha Kyun
- Preparis
- Ramree Island
- Unguan
- Wa Kyun
- Zalat Taung
- Mergui Archipelago
- Auriol Island
- Bentinck Kyun
- Christie Island, the southernmost island of the archipelago
- Kadan Kyun, the largest island of the archipelago
- Lanbi Kyun
- Letsok-aw Kyun
- Mali Kyun, the northernmost island of the archipelago
- Saganthit Kyun
- Than Kyun
- Thayawthadangyi
- Zadetkyi
Land use and natural resources
Arable land | 16.56% |
---|---|
Permanent crops | 2.25% |
Other land | 81.20% (2012) |
Irrigated land | 21,100 km2 (2004) |
Total renewable water resources | 1,168 km3 (280 cu mi) (2011) |
Freshwater withdrawal, total (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | 33.23 cu mi/a ) (10%/1%/89%)
|
Freshwater withdrawal, per capita | 728.6 km3/a (175 cu mi/a) (2005) |
Since ancient times, Myanmar has been famous for its abundance of natural resources. The Sanskrit name Suvarnabhumi (သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ) has been used in relation to the area in modern-day Lower Burma and Thailand for millennia. Today, major resources include petroleum, natural gas,
Natural hazards
Natural hazards include destructive earthquakes and cyclones. Flooding and landslides are common during the rainy season from June to September. Periodic droughts also occur.
Myanmar lies at the confluence of the
Myanmar is also hit by a powerful cyclone roughly every two years. The highest frequency of severe cyclones occur during November and May. The past century of cyclogenesis data in the North Indian Ocean has seen a significant increase in cyclone formation during these two months.[35] The most damaging cyclone that hit Myanmar was the Cyclone Nargis in April–May 2008; with ongoing climate change, oceans will become warmer, which may lead to cyclones becoming more intense and devastating for Myanmar.[36]
Environment
An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment was conducted for Myanmar in 2020 that assessed 64 terrestrial ecosystem types across 10 biomes. Of these 64 ecosystem types, 1 was confirmed as collapsed, 8 were considered Critically Endangered, 9 were considered Endangered, 12 were considered Vulnerable, 3 were considered Near Threatened, 14 were considered of Least Concern, and 17 were deemed Data Deficient.[38] The 64 terrestrial ecosystem types included five brackish tidal systems, one dry subterranean system, one lake, five palustrine wetlands, four polar/alpine systems, twelve savannas and grasslands, two shoreline systems, two supralittoral coastal systems, seven temperate-boreal forests and woodlands, and twenty five tropical and subtropical forests.[39]
A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 3,316 km2 of tidal flats in Myanmar, making it the 8th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.[40]
Environment – international agreements
party to:
See also
- List of rivers of Myanmar
- Geology of Myanmar
- List of volcanoes in Myanmar
- List of ecoregions in Myanmar
- Zomia (geography)
References
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