Toungoo dynasty

Toungoo dynasty တောင်ငူမင်းဆက် taungnguumainn saat
1510–1752
Toungoo Empire at its greatest extent (1580)
The restored Taungoo or Nyaungyan Dynasty c. 1650
Capital	Toungoo (Taungoo) (1510–39) Pegu (Bago) (1539–99) Ava (Inwa) (1599–1613) Pegu (Bago) (1613–35) Ava (Inwa) (1635–1752)
Common languages	Official Burmese Regional Meithei (Manipur)
Religion	Official Theravada Buddhism Minority Animism Christianity Hinduism Islam
Government	Monarchy
• 1485-1530	Mingyi Nyo
• 1530–50	Tabinshwehti
• 1550–81	Bayinnaung
• 1605–28	Anaukpetlun
• 1629–48	Thalun
• 1733–52	Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Legislature	Restored Taungoo Empire	1599–1752
• End of dynasty	23 March 1752
Population
• Census	1,982,000 - 2,313,000[ silver kyat
Preceded by Succeeded by Ava Kingdom Hanthawaddy Kingdom Shan states Lan Na Kingdom Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom Konbaung dynasty

History of Myanmar
Prehistory of Myanmar 11,000–200 BCE Pyu city-states 200 BCE – 1050 CE (Sri Ksetra Kingdom, Tagaung Kingdom) Mon kingdoms 825?–1057? CE (Thaton Kingdom) Arakanese kingdoms 788?–1406
Pagan Kingdom 849–1297 Early Pagan Kingdom 849–1044 Warring states period Upper Myanmar 1297–1555 Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1365 Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1365 Kingdom of Ava 1365–1555 Prome Kingdom 1482–1542 Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552 Shan States 1215–1563 Kingdom of Mrauk U 1429–1785 Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752 First Toungoo Empire 1510–1599 Nyaungyan Restoration 1599–1752 Restored Hanthawaddy 1740–1757 Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885
British colonial period 1824–1948 Anglo-Burmese Wars 1824–1885 Resistance movement 1885–1895 Nationalist movement 1900–1948 Japanese occupation 1942–1945
Modern era 1948–present AFPFL government 1948–1962 Ne Win dictatorship 1962–1988 SLORC / SPDC junta 1988–2010 Political reforms 2011–2015 SAC junta 2021–present
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The Toungoo dynasty (

Mingyi Nyo's son, King Tabinshwehti, unified most of Burma, consolidating his power and pushing southward, over-running the Irrawaddy Delta and crushing the Hanthawaddy capital of Bago. In 1544, Tabinshwehti was crowned as king of all Burma at the ancient capital of Bagan. By this time, the geopolitical situation in Southeast Asia had changed dramatically. The Shan gained power in a new kingdom in the north, the Ayutthaya Kingdom had established itself as a suzerain power around the Chao Phraya river basin, while the Portuguese Empire had arrived in the south and conquered Malacca.

With the coming of

Bayinnaung's Empire

Tabinshwehti's brother-in-law,

Faced with rebellion by several cities and renewed Portuguese incursions, the Toungoo rulers withdrew from southern Burma and founded a second dynasty at Ava, the Nyaungyan or Restored Taungoo Dynasty (1597–1752). Bayinnaung's grandson, Anaukpetlun (1605–1628), once again reunited Burma in 1613 and decisively defeated Portuguese attempts to take over Burma. Anaukpetlun's successor Thalun (1629–1648) rebuilt the war torn country. Based on Thalun's revenue inquest in 1635, the Irrawaddy valley's population was estimated to be around 2 million.^[2]

The dynasty survived for another century and a half until the death of Mahadhammayaza in 1752. Encouraged by the French in India, Bago finally rebelled against Inwa, further weakening the state, which fell in 1752. The downfall of the Toungoo dynasty has been more broadly ascribed to institutional weaknesses in the capital, which intensified factionalism and succession disputes, and the uneven impact of growing trade and potential price inflation, on the elite's income streams.^[3]

Family tree

Governance

During the Toungoo dynasty, the Burmese crown undertook a series of reforms that strengthened the stability and relative longevity of the dynasty. While the First Toungoo empire had established the precedent of stitching together independent kingdoms under a single monarch, Restored Toungoo monarchs more successfully subordinated lowland principalities under the Burmese throne's direct control.^[3] Senior princes of these principalities were required to live at the Burmese capital under close supervision, and the ceremonial insignia of these provincial rulers was downgraded.^[3] Other reforms included direct central control of provincial deputies, more effective links with provincial village chiefs, and expansion of the ahmudan system around the capital.^[3] Beginning in 1635, the Burmese crown began to conduct comprehensive censuses, and consolidated access to provincial manpower and tax collections.^[3] The Burmese monkhood in Upper Burma was also subject to more effective personnel and financial regulations.^[3]

References