Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union
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Chechen Autonomous Oblast (1922–1934) Ingush Autonomous Oblast (1924–1934) Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast (1934–1936) Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944, 1957–1993) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Autonomous oblast of the RSFSR ASSR of the Russian SFSR Republic of the Russian Federation | |||||||||||||||||||
1922–1944 1957–1993 | |||||||||||||||||||
Anthem | |||||||||||||||||||
"My Checheno-Ingushetia" Чечено-Ингушетия Моя | |||||||||||||||||||
Capital | Grozny | ||||||||||||||||||
Demonym |
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Government | |||||||||||||||||||
• Motto | Ерриг Пачхьалкхийн Пролетареш, Цхьаьнакхета! (Workers of the world, unite!) | ||||||||||||||||||
Historical era | 20th century | ||||||||||||||||||
• Chechen Autonomous Oblast formed | 30 November 1922 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Ingush Autonomous oblast formed | 7 July 1924 | ||||||||||||||||||
15 January 1934 | |||||||||||||||||||
• Elevation into an ASSR | 5 December 1936 | ||||||||||||||||||
7 March 1944 | |||||||||||||||||||
• Autonomous Republic restored | 9 January 1957 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Sovereignty declared | 27 November 1990 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Renamed the Checheno-Ingush Republic | 16 May 1992 | ||||||||||||||||||
June 1992 | |||||||||||||||||||
• Dissolved | 9 January 1993 | ||||||||||||||||||
Contained within | |||||||||||||||||||
• Country | Soviet Union (1922–1991) Russian Federation (1991–1993) | ||||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Russia · Chechnya · Ingushetia |
When the
However, because of the collaboration with Nazi Germany the Axis powers during World War II, the autonomous republic was abolished on 7 March 1944 resulting the expulsion of the Chechens and Ingush from its territory. The autonomous republic's status were restored in January 1957. The 1979 census reported the territory had an area of 19,300 square kilometres (7,500 sq mi) and a population of 1,155,805 (1979 Census):[5] 611,405 Chechens, 134,744 Ingush, and the rest were Russians and other ethnic groups.[5]
History
History of Chechnya | ||||||
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Prehistory | ||||||
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Ancient | ||||||
Medieval | ||||||
Early modern | ||||||
Modern | ||||||
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Russian Empire
The region was incorporated into the
In 1859 historical Chechnya was annexed to Russia as well, in the context of the long Caucasian War of 1817–64.[9]
Soviet period
After the
World War II
During
Post-war period
On January 9, 1957, Khruschev implemented a policy which allowed deportees and their families to return, and the republic was restored.[12]
The collapse of Checheno-Ingushetia
On November 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Checheno-Ingush Republic,[13] and on May 24, 1991, according to the amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called the Checheno-Ingush SSR.[14] This decision before the dissolution of the USSR (December 1991) was not consistent with Art. 85 of the Constitution of the USSR, which retained the name of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.[15]
On June 8, 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, a part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN).[16][17] Following this, was proclaimed the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho),[18][19] and the leaders of the Supreme Soviet of the republic were declared "usurpers".[17]
September 6, 1991 Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures.[17] Armed supporters of OKChN occupied the building of the TV center and the House of Radio,[17] took by storm the House of Political Education, where the meeting of the Supreme Council was held.[16] On this day, the Supreme Soviet met in full force, heads of local councils, clergy, and heads of enterprises were invited for consultations. Dudayev and other leaders of the OKChN decided to take the building by storm. More than 40 deputies of the Checheno-Ingush parliament were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, was thrown out of the window by the separatists, and then finished off in the hospital.[17] Doku Zavgayev resigned from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia under pressure from protesters.[20]
On September 15, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny.[16] Under his leadership in the absence of a quorum[21] the last session of the Supreme Soviet of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to dissolve the parliament.[16] As a result of negotiations between Khasbulatov and the leaders of the executive committee of the OKChN as a temporary authority for the period before the elections (scheduled for November 17) the Provisional Supreme Council of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR was formed of 32 deputies,[16] reduced shortly to 13 deputies,[22] then up to 9.[16] Dudaev's ally Khusein Akhmadov was elected chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia. Assistant to Khasbulatov Yuri Cherny became the deputy chairman of the council.[16]
By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Provisional High Council between supporters of the OKChN (4 members, headed by Khusein Akhmadov) and his opponents (5 members, headed by Yuri Cherny). Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Council, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the executive committee of the OKChN as the supreme authority, on October 1, announced the division of the Checheno-Ingush Republic into an independent Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho) and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR.[16]
On October 5, 7 out of 9 members of the Provisional Supreme Council made a decision on the resignation of Akhmedov and on the abolition of illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the executive committee of the OKChN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Council sat, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.[16] On October 6, the executive committee of the OKChN announced the dissolution of the Provisional Supreme Council "for subversive and provocative activities". The Council did not comply with this decision and the very next day made a decision to resume activity in full force (32 deputies). Lawyer Badruddin Bakhmadov was elected as the new chairman.[16]
On October 8, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR declared the Provisional Supreme Soviet to be the only legitimate body of state power on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia until the election of a new composition of the Supreme Soviet of the republic.[23]
On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKChN
On November 7, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia.[27] However, practical measures to implement it have failed. Two planes with special forces that landed at the airfield in Khankala were blocked by Chechen separatists.[28] Leaders of anti-Dudayev parties and movements went over to the side of Chechen separatists. The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis.[16][28]
On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps.[17]
On November 11, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR refused to approve the decree of President Yeltsin on the introduction of a state of emergency in Checheno-Ingushetia.[29]
November 30 – December 1, 1991 in three Ingush regions of Checheno-Ingushetia – Malgobek, Nazran and Sunzhensky – a referendum was held on the creation of the Ingush Republic within the RSFSR. 75% of the Ingush population took part in the referendum, 90% were in favor.[28]
As a result of the
On May 16, 1992, according to the amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the de facto disintegrated Checheno-Ingush SSR received the name Checheno-Ingush Republic.[30]
On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopted the Law on the Education of the Ingush Republic.
Demographics
- Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Births | Deaths | Birth rate | Death rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 22,651 | 6,075 | 21.2 | 5.7 |
1975 | 22,783 | 6,469 | 20.4 | 5.8 |
1980 | 24,291 | 7,711 | 20.7 | 6.6 |
1985 | 30,745 | 10,170 | 25.0 | 8.3 |
1990 | 31,993 | 11,039 | 28.2 | 9.7 |
1991 | 31,498 | 11,081 | 26.3 | 9.2 |
1992 | 28,875 | 10,666 | 23.1 | 8.5 |
- Ethnic groups
1926 census1 | 1939 census | 1959 census | 1970 census | 1979 census | 1989 census | 2002 census1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chechens | 295,762 (61.4%) | 368,446 (52.9%) | 243,974 (34.3%) | 508,898 (47.8%) | 611,405 (52.9%) | 734,501 (57.8%) | 1,127,050 (71.7%) |
Ingushes
|
70,084 (14.5%) | 83,798 (12.0%) | 48,273 (6.8%) | 113,675 (10.7%) | 134,744 (11.7%) | 163,762 (12.9%) | 363,971 (23.2%) |
Russians | 78,196 (16.2%) | 201,010 (28.8%) | 348,343 (49.0%) | 366,959 (34.5%) | 336,044 (29.1%) | 293,771 (23.1%) | 46,204 (2.9%) |
Others | 38,038 (7.9%) | 43,761 (6.3%) | 69,834 (9.8%) | 74,939 (7.0%) | 73,612 (6.4%) | 78,395 (6.2%) | 33,755 (2.1%) |
- Combined results of Chechnya and Ingushetia
Maps
-
Map of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast
-
Map of Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast
See also
- History of Chechnya
- List of leaders of Communist Chechnya
- National liberation struggle of the Ingush people
Notes
- ^ Russian: Чеченская автономная область, romanized: Chechenskaya avtonomnaya oblast', also known as the Autonomous Oblast of Chechnya, Russian: автономная область Чечни, romanized: avtonomnaya oblast' Chechni
- ^ Ingush: ГӀалгӀай автономе область, romanized: Ġalġay avtonome oblast', Russian: Ингушская автономная область, romanized: Ingushskaya avtonomnaya oblast'
- ^ Russian: Чечено-Ингушская автономная област, romanized: Checheno-Ingushskaya avtonomnaya oblast'
- ^ Chechen: Нохч-ГӀалгӀайн Автономнин Советски Социалистически Республика, romanized: Noxç-Ġalġayn Avtonomnin Sovetski Socialistiçeski Respublika; Ingush: Нохч-ГӀалгӀай Автономе Советий Социализма Республика, romanized: Noxç-Ġalġay Avtonome Sovetiy Socializma Respublika; Russian: Чече́но-Ингу́шская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Checheno-Ingushskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika
References
- ISSN 1465-461X.
- ^ Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет. Декрет от 30 ноября 1922 г. «Об образовании автономной области Чечни». (All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decree of November 30, 1922 On the Establishment of the Autonomous Oblast of Chechnya. ).
- ^ Большая советская энциклопедия. 1937.
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(help) - ISBN 9781442249257– via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России" [All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia.]. Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics) (in Russian). 1979. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ^ Исторические документы свидетельствуют о добровольном вхождении Ингушетии в состав России, kavkaz-uzel.eu, 17 March 2015.
- ^ History of the Ingush by Georgian historians. Ingush. Citizenship of the Russian Empire, hiddenshell.ru
- ^ Agieva, L. T., Dolgieva, M. B., Yandieva, T. U., & Teboev, I. A. (2022). Some Issues Of Socio-Economic Consequences Of Ingushetia's Accession To Russia. In D. K. Bataev, S. A. Gapurov, A. D. Osmaev, V. K. Akaev, L. M. Idigova, M. R. Ovhadov, A. R. Salgiriev, & M. M. Betilmerzaeva (Eds.), Knowledge, Man and Civilization - ISCKMC 2022, vol 129. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 62-71). European Publisher.
- ^ Chechnya, britannica.com
- ^ Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 7 марта 1944 г «О ликвидации Чечено-Ингушской АССР и об административном устройстве её территории». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of 7 March 1944 On Abolishment of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and on the Administrative Structure of Its Territory. ).
- ^ The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives Bondyrev, Davitashvili & Singh, p25
- ^ Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 9 января 1957 г «О восстановлении Чечено-Ингушской АССР и упразднении Грозненской области». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of 9 January 1957 On Reinstatement of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and on Abolishment of Grozny Oblast. ).
- ^ Декларация о государственном суверенитете Чечено-Ингушской республики
- ^ Закон РСФСР от 24 мая 1991 года «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) РСФСР»
- ^ Конституция СССР в редакции от 26 декабря 1990 г.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Чеченская Республика Ичкерия. Общий обзор // IGPI.RU
- ^ a b c d e f g Десять дней, которые отменили мир
- ^ РЕШЕНИЕ ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО КОНГРЕССА (СЪЕЗДА) ЧЕЧЕНСКОГО НАРОДА (г. Грозный, 8 июня 1991 г.)
- ^ Чеченская Республика Нохчи-чо
- ^ Зайченко Григорий Чечено-Ингушетия: кунаки Ельцина взяли власть
- ^ Комиссия Говорухина. — С. 18. — М. : Издательство "Лавента", 1995. — 176 с.
- ^ Ойховиков Андрей, Сигал Лев Чечено-Ингушетия провозгласила независимость от России и Союза
- ^ Постановление Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 8 октября 1991 года № 1723-I «О политической ситуации в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»
- ^ Глебов Роман Выборы в Чеченской республике
- ^ Постановление Съезда народных депутатов РСФСР от 2 ноября 1991 года № 1847-I «О признании незаконными выборов, проведенных 27 октября 1991 года в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»
- ^ a b ДЕСЯТЬ ЛЕТ НАЗАД БЫЛ РАЗОГНАН ВЕРХОВНЫЙ СОВЕТ ЧЕЧЕНО-ИНГУШЕТИИ. ДЖОХАР ДУДАЕВ ВОСПОЛЬЗОВАЛСЯ БЕЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ
- ^ Указ Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 года № 178 «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»
- ^ a b c РОССИЯ-ЧЕЧНЯ: цепь ошибок и преступлений
- ^ Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 11 ноября 1991 года N 1855-I "Об Указе Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 г. «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»
- ^ Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики» // «Российская газета», 16 мая 1992 года, № 111 (447), с. 3–5
- ^ "Закон РФ от 04 июня 1992 года № 2927-1 "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации"".
- ^ "Постановление Верховного Совета РФ от 04 июня 1992 г. "О порядке введения в действие Закона Российской Федерации "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации""".
- ^ Постановление Съезда народных депутатов Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. № 4070-I «О Законе Российской Федерации "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации"»[permanent dead link]
- ^ Закон Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. N 4071-I «О внесении изменений в статью 71 Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Федерации – России»
- ^ Законы РСФСР/РФ 1990—1993 и поправки к ним до весны 1995
Bibliography
- Генко, А. Н (1930). Из культурного прошлого ингушей (in Russian). Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761.