Chlorobium

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Chlorobium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Chlorobiota
Class: "Chlorobia"
Order: Chlorobiales
Family:
Chlorobiaceae
Genus: Chlorobium
Nadson 1906
Type species
Chlorobium limicola
Nadson 1906
Some species

See text

Synonyms
  • "Pediochloris" Geitler 1925
  • Pelodictyon Lauterborn 1913
  • "Schmidlea" Lauterborn 1913

Chlorobium is a

Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex ("FMO", also containing BChl a), and the chlorosomes which employ mostly BChl c, d, or e. Hydrogen sulfide is used as an electron source and carbon dioxide its carbon source.[1]

Chlorobium

eutrophic lake.[1]

multicellular appearance which is highly unusual in bacteria.[2]

Chlorobium species are thought to have played an important part in

chemical fossils found in sediments deposited at the Cretaceous mass extinction
.

Molecular signatures for Chlorobiota

Comparative genomic analysis has led to the identification of 2

alanyl-tRNA synthetase. These indels are not found in any other bacteria and thus serve as molecular markers for the phylum. In addition to the conserved signature indels, 51 proteins which are uniquely found in members of the phylum Chlorobiota. 65 other proteins have been identified which are unique to the Chlorobiota phylum, however these proteins are missing in several Chlorobiota species and are not distributed throughout the phylum with any clear pattern. This means that significant gene loss may have occurred, or the presence of these proteins may be a result of horizontal gene transfer. Of these 65 proteins, 8 are found only in Chlorobium luteolum and Chlorobium phaeovibrioides. These two species form a strongly supported clade in phylogenetic trees and a close relationship between these species is further supported by the unique sharing of these 8 proteins.[3]

Relatedness of Chlorobiota to Bacteroidota and Fibrobacterota phyla

Species from the Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) and Chlorobiota phyla branch very closely together in phylogenetic trees, indicating a close relationship. Through the use of comparative genomic analysis, 3 proteins have been identified which are uniquely shared by virtually all members of the Bacteroidota and Chlorobiota phyla.[3] The sharing of these 3 proteins is significant because other than these 3 proteins, no proteins from either the Bacteroidota or Chlorobiota phyla are shared by any other groups of bacteria. Several conserved signature indels have also been identified which are uniquely shared by members of the Bacteroidota and Chlorobiota phyla. The presence of these molecular signatures supports the close relationship of the Bacteroidota and Chlorobiota phyla.[3][4] Additionally, the phylum Fibrobacterota (formerly Fibrobacteres) is indicated to be specifically related to these two phyla. A clade consisting of these three phyla is strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses based upon a number of different proteins[4] These phyla also branch in the same position based upon conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins.[5] Lastly and most importantly, two conserved signature indels (in the RpoC protein and in serine hydroxymethyltransferase) and one signature protein PG00081 have been identified that are uniquely shared by all of the species from these three phyla. All of these results provide compelling evidence that the species from these three phyla shared a common ancestor exclusive of all other bacteria and it has been proposed that they should all recognized as part of a single “FCB”superphylum.[3][4]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[6] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[7]

16S rRNA based
LTP_08_2023[8][9][10]
 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[11][12][13]
Chlorobium

C. luteolum

C. limicola

C. phaeovibrioides

C. clathratiforme

C. phaeobacteroides

Chlorobium

C. limicola Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)

C. phaeobacteroides Pfennig 1968

C. luteolum (Schmidle 1901) emend. Imhoff 2003

C. phaeovibrioides Pfennig 1968

"C. chlorochromatii" Meschner 1957 ex Vogl et al. 2006

C. clathratiforme (Szafer 1911) Imhoff 2003

"C. ferrooxidans" Heising et al. 1998

"Ca. C. masyuteum" Lambrecht et al. 2021

Species incertae sedis:

  • "Ca. C. antarcticum" Panwar et al. 2021
  • "C. bathyomarinum" Betty et al. 2005
  • "Ca. C. canadense" Tsuji et al. 2020
  • "C. gokarna" Kumar et al. 2005

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Prescott, Harley, Klein. (2005). Microbiology pp. 195, 493, 597, 618-619, 339.
  2. ^ Postgate, John: "The Outer Reaches of Life", page 132-134. Cambridge University Press, 1994
  3. ^
    PMID 17488508
    .
  4. ^
    S2CID 24565648
    .
  5. PMID 11535801
    .
  6. ^ A.C. Parte; et al. "Chlorobium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  7. ^ Sayers; et al. "Chlorobium". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  8. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  9. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  10. ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  11. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  12. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  13. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

External links

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