Clerodendrum

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Clerodendrum
Clerodendrum trichotomum fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Ajugoideae
Genus: Clerodendrum
L.[1]
Type species
Clerodendrum infortunatum
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Adelosa Blume
Archboldia E.Beer & H.J.Lam
Siphoboea Baill.
Siphonanthus L.
Spironema Hochst.

Clerodendrum is a

phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data
.

Estimates of the number of

native to Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands.[7]

The genus is native to

temperate regions of the world, with most of the species occurring in tropical Africa and southern Asia, but with a few in the tropical Americas and northern Australasia, and a few extending north into the temperate zone in eastern Asia.[8]

They are

grown in the tropics for their abundant and attractive flowers.[10] One of these, Clerodendrum macrostegium, suckers abundantly from the roots, often producing a thicket within a few years.[10]

The following species are cultivated in the UK:

Clerodendrum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Endoclita malabaricus and Endoclita sericeus. Both butterflies and hummingbirds are often attracted to blooming clerodendrum.

Description

Close-up of a C. quadriloculare flower

The following description is based on the one by Yuan

monophyletic circumscription of Clerodendrum.[2]

Clerodendrum is a genus of small

perennials. Leaves decussate or whorled, never spiny
as in some close relatives.

Corolla
red to yellow, pink, or white. Corolla tube 5-lobed, the lobes usually unequal.

Stamens 4 (rarely 5), usually in 2 pairs of unequal length and projecting well beyond the mouth of the corolla.

Style terminal on the ovary, bifid
.

Fruit a drupe, usually with 4 grooves or lobes, 4-seeded (rarely 2-seeded by abortion).

Pollination

Clerodendrum and its relatives have an unusual

dichogamy and herkogamy.[2]

The flowers are

Kalaharia, Clerodendrum, Volkameria, Aegiphila, Ovieda, Tetraclea, and Amasonia.[2]

History

Clerodendrum was named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[11] The name is derived from two Greek words, kleros, meaning "chance or fate" or "clergy", and dendron, "a tree".[12] It refers to the considerable variation in reports of the usefulness of Clerodendrum in medicine,[8] and also to the fact the trees were used for religious purposes in Asia.

Regional revisions of Clerodendrum have been done for local floras, but the last monograph of the entire genus was by John Isaac Briquet in 1895.[13] He recognized about 90 species, defining the genus broadly to include species that others had placed in Rotheca, Volkameria, and Ovieda. His circumscription was followed by most authors for the next 100 years, even though it was widely believed to be problematic.[2]

In 1997,

molecular phylogenetic study that was not published until the following year.[15]

In 2004, a study of

DNA sequences showed that the monospecific Australian genus Huxleya was embedded in a clade of Clerodendrum species that had formerly been placed in Volkameria.[16] Huxleya was then sunk into synonymy with Clerodendrum. The 2004 study sampled Aegiphila, Tetraclea, and Amasonia, three New World genera of Ajugoideae that had not previously been sampled for DNA. The results of this study cast doubt, once again, upon the monophyly
of Clerodendrum.

In 2010, a study of four

cladistic
analysis has largely vindicated his concepts of Clerodendrum and its relatives.

Traditional medicinal use

Clerodendrum glandulosum. Coleb leaf aqueous extract is traditionally used by people of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes, obesity and hypertension.[citation needed]

Among the

Hmar and Zomi tribes in the North East India Anphui(Clerodendrum) is also being used as a dish/curry.[17]

Systematics

Clerodendrum is strongly supported as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It consists of two clades, each of which receives strong bootstrap support. One clade contains mostly African species. The other is mostly Asian. The African and Asian groups can not confidently be divided into sections without more extensive sampling of taxa in phylogenetic studies. The Madagascan species, in particular, are poorly studied.[2]

It appears that the long, narrow corolla tube

evolved only once in Clerodendrum, and appeared again, among its relatives, in Ovieda.[2]

Species

As of July 2022[update] Plants of the World Online recognises 258 species within this genus, as follows.[18]

Formerly placed here

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b "Genus: Clerodendrum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2010. "Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy". Taxon 59(1):125-133.
  3. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
  4. ^ a b Dorothy A. Steane and David J. Mabberley. 1998. "Rotheca (Lamiaceae) Revived". Novon 8(2):204-206.
  5. ^ Rosette B. Fernandes and Bernard Verdcourt. 2000. "Rotheca (Labiatae) revived - more new combinations". Kew Bulletin 55(1):147-154.
  6. Regnum Vegetabile
    (see External links below).
  7. ^ a b Anthony J. Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (editors). 1992. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
  9. ISBN 0-949324-32-9
    page 179
  10. ^ a b George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu (2005)
  11. ^ Clerodendrum page 637. In: Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. Species Plantarum volume 2. Laurentii Salvii. (see External Links below).
  12. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8
    (set).
  13. ^ John Isaac Briquet. 1895. "Clerodendrum" pages 174-176. In: "Verbenaceae" pages 132-182. In: Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien volume IV, part 3a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany.
  14. JSTOR 2419455
    .
  15. PMID 21680349
    .
  16. PMID 15186795
    .
  17. ^ Anphui Dish from Biaki's Kitchen- https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=699621273413089&id=440688782639674&set=a.440710989304120.111092.440688782639674
  18. ^ "Clerodendrum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 July 2022.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clerodendrum.
Wikispecies has information related to Clerodendrum.
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