Culture of Scotland

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Part of a series on the
Culture of Scotland
History
People
Languages
Traditions
Folklore
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music and Performing arts
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols

The culture of Scotland refers to the patterns of human activity and

Saint Andrew
.

Scots law

Main article: Scots law

Scotland retains

Scots Law, its own unique legal system, based on Roman law, which combines features of both civil law and common law
. The terms of union with England specified the retention of separate systems. The barristers are called advocates, and the judges of the high court for civil cases are also the judges for the high court for criminal cases. Scots Law differs from England's common law system. Formerly, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, one of which was
Udal Law
(also called allodail or odal law) in Shetland and Orkney. This was a direct descendant of Old Norse Law, but was abolished in 1611. Despite this, Scottish courts have acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in some property cases as recently as the 1990s. Various systems based on common Celtic Law also survived in the Highlands until the 1800s.

Banking and currency

Main article: Economy of Scotland

Banking in Scotland also features unique characteristics. Although the Bank of England remains the central bank for the UK Government, three Scottish corporate banks still issue their own banknotes: the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank of Scotland and the Clydesdale Bank.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Scotland

Scotland competes in sporting events such as the

athletics, Scotland has competed for the Celtic Cup, against teams from Wales and Ireland, since the inaugural event in 2006.[1]

Scotland is the "Home of

Highland Games (athletic competitions), it is also the home of curling, and shinty, a stick game similar to Ireland's hurling
. Scotland has 4 professional ice hockey teams that compete in the
Scottish cricket
is a minority game.

Literature

Main article: Scottish literature
Three great men of Scottish literature: busts of Burns, Scott and Stevenson.

The earliest extant literature written in what is now Scotland, was composed in Brythonic speech in the sixth century and has survived as part of Welsh literature.[2] In the following centuries there was literature in Latin, under the influence of the Catholic Church, and in Old English, brought by Anglian settlers. As the state of Alba developed into the kingdom of Scotland from the eighth century, there was a flourishing literary elite who regularly produced texts in both Gaelic and Latin, sharing a common literary culture with Ireland and elsewhere.[3] After the Davidian Revolution of the thirteenth century a flourishing French language culture predominated, while Norse literature was produced from areas of Scandinavian settlement.[4] The first surviving major text in Early Scots literature is the fourteenth-century poet John Barbour's epic Brus, which was followed by a series of vernacular versions of medieval romances. These were joined in the fifteenth century by Scots prose works.[5][6]

In the early modern era royal patronage supported poetry, prose and drama.

Waverley Novels did much to define Scottish identity in the 19th century.[12] Towards the end of the Victorian era a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations, including Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie and George MacDonald.[13]

In the 20th century there was a surge of activity in Scottish literature, known as the

Poet Laureate in May 2009.[16]

Art

Main article: Scottish art
William McTaggart, The Storm (1890)

The earliest examples of art from what is now Scotland are highly decorated carved stone balls from the

Union of Crowns in 1603 removed another major source of patronage.[26]

In the eighteenth century Scotland began to produce artists that were significant internationally, all influenced by

Glasgow Boys[33] and the Four, led Charles Rennie Mackintosh, who gained an international reputation for their combination of Celtic revival, Art and Crafts and Art Nouveau.[34] The early twentieth century was dominated by the Scottish Colourists and the Edinburgh School.[35] They have been described as the first Scottish modern artists and were the major mechanism by which post-impressionism reached Scotland.[36][37] There was a growing interest in forms of Modernism, with William Johnstone helping to develop the concept of a Scottish Renaissance.[31] In the post-war period, major artists, including John Bellany and Alexander Moffat, pursued a strand of "Scottish realism".[38] Moffat's influence can be seen in the work of the "new Glasgow Boys" from the late twentieth century.[39] In the twenty-first century Scotland has continued to produce successful and influential such as Douglas Gordon, David Mach,[40] Susan Philipsz and Richard Wright.[41]

Scotland possess significant collections of art, such as the

National Gallery of Scotland and National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh[42] and the Burrell Collection and Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glasgow.[43] Significant schools of art include the Edinburgh College of Art[44] and the Glasgow School of Art.[45] The major funding body with responsibility for the arts in Scotland is Creative Scotland.[46][47] Support is also given by local councils and independent foundations.[48]

Music

Main article: Music of Scotland

Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which remained vibrant throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. In spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from the rest of Europe and the United States, the music of Scotland has kept many of its traditional aspects; indeed, it has itself influenced many forms of music.

Media

Main article: Media of Scotland

Scotland's media are partly separate from the rest of the UK. For example, Scotland has several national newspapers, such as the

Sunday Post, while the Sunday Herald and Scotland on Sunday
have associations with The Herald and The Scotsman respectively.

Regional dailies include

The Press and Journal serving Aberdeen
and the north.

Scotland has its own

television stations: the Scottish variant of BBC One, the BBC Scotland channel and Gaelic-language TV channel BBC Alba. Much of the output of BBC Scotland Television, such as news and current affairs programmes, and the Glasgow-based soap opera, River City, are intended for broadcast within Scotland, while others, such as drama and comedy programmes, aim at audiences throughout the UK
and further afield.

Two

ITV
, also broadcast in Scotland. Most of the independent television output is the same as that transmitted in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, with the exception of news and current affairs, sport, comedy, cultural and Scottish Gaelic-language programming.

As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland is represented at the

Scottish Screen, STV and Bòrd na Gàidhlig.[49][50]

Addressing the haggis during Burns supper:
Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face,
Great chieftain o' the puddin-race!

Food and drink

Main article: Scottish cuisine

Although the

bannock, stovies, Scotch broth, tattie scone and shortbread
.

Scotland is also known for its

Scottish beer
.

The soft drink Irn-Bru is cited by its manufacturer A.G. Barr as Scotland's 'other' national drink owing to its large market share in Scotland outselling major international brands such as Coca-Cola.

Philosophy

Scotland has a strong philosophical tradition.

scholastics. In the Scottish Enlightenment Edinburgh was home to much intellectual talent, including Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, and Adam Smith. Other cities also produced major thinkers at that time: e.g. Aberdeen's Thomas Reid
.

Folklore

Main articles: Scottish folklore and Scottish mythology

Hammer Horrors). Mass transatlantic Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America.[59]

Language and religion

Main articles: Languages of Scotland and Religion in Scotland

Scotland also has its own unique family of languages and dialects, helping to foster a strong sense of "Scottish-ness". See

Iomairt Cholm Cille (Columba Project) has been set up to support Gaelic-speaking communities in both Scotland and Ireland and to promote links between them.[60]

Forms of

Roman Catholics
, around 16% of the population.

The

Saint Ninian
have also historically enjoyed great popularity.

Interceltic festivals

See also: List of Celtic festivals
Group of young men and women, wearing white shirts (some with black waistcoats) and black trousers, marching in a parade, in the sunshine. Each is playing a bagpipe. The bag is a claret colour. The entire picture is full of people. Those not taking part in the parade are watching the procession.
Pipers at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient.

As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland is represented at interceltic events at home and around the world. Scotland is host to two interceltic music festivals – the Scottish Arts Council funded Celtic Connections, Glasgow, and the Hebridean Celtic Festival, Stornoway – that were founded in the mid-1990s.[63][64][65][66]

Scottish culture is also represented at interceltic festivals of music and culture worldwide. Among the most well known are Festival Interceltique de Lorient – held annually in Brittany since 1971 – the Pan Celtic Festival, Ireland, and the National Celtic Festival, Portarlington, Australia.[67][68][69]

National symbols

Main article: National symbols of Scotland

See also

References

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