Gökböri
Muzaffar ad-Din Gökböri | |
---|---|
Born | 13 April 1154 Mosul, Zengid Atabegate |
Died | 28 June 1233[1] (aged 78) Balad, Abbasid Caliphate |
Buried | |
Allegiance | Zengids Ayyubids Abbasids |
Rank | Emir |
Commands held | General commanding armies and divisions of armies. Governor of various cities and regions. Lord of Erbil |
Battles/wars |
Gökböri (also rendered Gokbori, Kukburi and Kukuburi), or Muzaffar ad-Din Gökböri (
Gökböri was the first Muslim ruler to publicly celebrate the birth of
Origins and early life
Gökböri, whose name means "Blue-wolf" in
Gökböri as a prominent Zengid military commander
During the decade from 1164,
Gökböri aids Saladin's conquest of Northern Syria and the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia)
Following the Zengid defeat at Hama, and the continuing lack any unifying figure in the mould of Nur ad-Din, Gökböri realised that Zengid power was on the wane in Syria and the Jazira and he made the momentous decision to defect to Saladin in 1182. Saladin had been repulsed from Beirut and was marching on Aleppo when Gökböri visited him with an invitation to cross the Euphrates into the Jazira, where he was assured he would be welcomed. His support for Saladin was instrumental in the defeat of Zengid power in the region; soon little more than the cities of Mosul and Aleppo remained under Zengid control.[10][11]
In 1185 Saladin was campaigning against
Following the conquest of Northern Syria and the Jazira, Saladin added Edessa (Urfa) and Samsat to Gökböri's lands. He was then given Saladin's sister, al-Sitt Rabia Khatun, in marriage.[10]
War against the Crusader states
Gökböri became known as a reliable and skilled military leader. Saladin's secretary, the historian
In Saladin's campaigns against the
Gökböri's finest military achievement was at the
In 1190, during the
Ruler of Erbil
Gökböri remained the ruler of
He was particularly noted as a fervent celebrator of Mawlid, a ceremonial recitation of praise poems celebrating Muhammad on the anniversary of his birth. Previous to Gökböri, such celebrations consisted of private observances or court processions. Those of Gökböri were held in public, preceded by hunting parties and accompanied by lavish sacrifices. This has been seen by later commentators as representing a level of syncretism with pre-Islamic, traditional, Turkish practices called Siğir and Shölen.[23]
The long reign of Gökböri in Erbil, which became a thriving centre of Sunni learning, was largely due to his highly developed political acumen and judicious choice of alliances. He always made himself more useful as an ally of major powers than attractive as a potential target for their aggression. Though he married into the Ayyubid dynasty, two of his daughters married Zengids. Later in his reign he used alliance with
Death
Being without a male heir, Gökböri willed Erbil to the
In old age he campaigned against the
References
- ^ TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, pp. 234-235
- ^ Ibn Khallikan, p. 542, all dates and places
- ^ Ibn Khallikan, p. 535
- ^ ISBN 9789751605719.
- ^ Phillips, Jonathan (2019). "Progress in Syria and Reynald's Red Sea Raid". The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin. Random House. p. 391.
The Turkmen ruler of Harran, Muzaffar al-Din Keukburi ('Keukburi' is a Turkish name meaning 'Blue Wolf') approached Saladin offering to support his plans.
- ^ Ibn Khallikan, pp. 535-536
- ^ Nováček et al., p. 4
- ^ Baha' ad-Din, pp. 73-74
- ^ Whelan Type III, 251 and 253; CMM 826-36; Album 1888.1.
- ^ a b c Nicholson and Nicolle, p. 17
- ^ Hazard, pp. 576-577
- ^ Runciman, pp. 445-446
- ^ Ehrenkreutz, p. 189
- ^ Nicholson, p. 25
- ^ Stubbs, p. 6
- ^ Ibn Khallikan, pp. 536-537
- ^ Runciman. p. 455
- ^ Baha' ad-Din, p. 218
- ^ Ibn Khallikan, p. 537
- ^ Album, p. 121
- ^ Ibn Khallikan, p. 537-539
- ^ a b Encyclopaedia of Islam, 'Begteginids'
- ^ Çaǧatay, p. 129
- ^ Gibb, pp. 700-701
- ^ Patton, pp. 152-155
- ^ Morray, p. 85
- ^ Nicolle, p. 59
- ^ Howorth, pp. 132, 203
Bibliography
- Album, S. (1977) Marsden's Numismata Orientalia Illustrata, Attic Books Limited, London, Ontario ISBN 9780915018161. Reprint of a private printing dating from 1823–1825, in London, England, by William Marsden.
- Baha' Ad-Din Yusuf Ibn Shaddad (Beha Ed-Din), trans. C.W. Wilson (1897) Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London. Reprinted, 2002, Elibron Classics, Adamant Media, Boston ISBN 9781402192463 [1]
- Çaǧatay, N. (1968) "The Tradition of Mavlid Recitations in Islam Particularly in Turkey", Studia Islamica, No. 28, Maisonneuve & Larose (Brill, Leiden). DOI: 10.2307/1595265 [2]
- Ehrenkreutz, A.S. (1972) Saladin, State University of New York Press, Albany NY. ISBN 9780873950954
- Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition First published online: 2012, P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (eds.), Brill, Leiden, Online version: section on the Begteginids [3] First published online: 2012. First print edition (1960-2007): ISBN 9789004161214
- Gibb, H.A.R. (1962) "The Aiyubids", in History of the Crusades, Volume 2: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311, Wolff, R.L. and Hazzard, H.W. (eds.), Ch. XX, pp. 693–714, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia PA. [4]
- Hazard, H.W (1958) "The Rise of Saladin 1169–1189", in A History of the Crusades, Volume 1 (M.W. Baldwin ed.), University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia PA, pp. 563–589. ISBN 9780299048440 [5]
- Howorth, Sir Henry H. (1876) History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 1, reprinted (2008) Cosimo Inc., New York ISBN 9781605201337
- Ibn Khallikan (1843) Kitab wafayat ala'yan - Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, transl. by Guillaume, Baron Mac-Guckin de Slane, Volume 2, Paris.[6]
- Morray D.W. (1994) An Ayyubid Notable and His World: Ibn Al-ʻAdīm and Aleppo as Portrayed in His Biographical Dictionary of People Associated with the City, Brill. Leiden. ISBN 9004099565
- Nicholson, H (trans.) (1997) Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum Et Gesta Regis Ricardi, Ashgate, Farnham. ISBN 0-7546-0581-7
- Nicholson, H and Nicolle, D (2006) God's Warriors: Knights Templar, Saracens and the Battle for Jerusalem, Osprey Publishing, Oxford. ISBN 1846031435
- Nicolle, D. (2001) The Crusades, Osprey Publishing, Oxford. ISBN 978-1841761794
- Nováček, K., Amin, N.A.M. and Melčák, M. (2013) A Medieval City Within Assyrian Walls: The Continuity of the Town of Arbil in Northern Mesopotamia, Iraq, Vol 75, pp. 1–42, British Institute for the Study of Iraq, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021088900000401 [7]
- Patton, D. (1988) Ibn al-Sāʿi's Account of the Last of the Zangids, Zeitschrift der Deutschen, Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 138, No. 1, pp. 148–158, Harrassowitz Verlag Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43377738 [8]
- ISBN 9780140137040)
- Stubbs, W. (ed.)(1864) Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi (original text in Latin), Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, London. Available at Gallica
- Bezer, G.Öğün (2002). "KÖKBÖRİ". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 26 (Ki̇li̇ – Kütahya) (in Turkish). Istanbul: ISBN 978-975-389-406-7.