Gay literature
![]() | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom, the United States, and Europe and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (June 2022) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Oscar_Wilde_MET_DP136272.jpg/220px-Oscar_Wilde_MET_DP136272.jpg)
Gay literature is a collective term for
Overview and history
Because the social acceptance of homosexuality has varied in many world cultures throughout history, LGBT literature has covered a vast array of themes and concepts. LGBT individuals have often turned to literature as a source of validation, understanding, and beautification of same-sex attraction. In contexts where homosexuality has been perceived negatively, LGBT literature may also document the psychological stresses and alienation suffered by those experiencing prejudice, legal discrimination,
Themes of love between individuals of the same gender are found in a variety of ancient texts throughout the world. The ancient Greeks, in particular, explored the theme on a variety of different levels in such works as Plato's Symposium.
Ancient mythology
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg/220px-Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg)
Many
Early works
Though
The tradition of
The Satyricon by Petronius is a Latin work of fiction detailing the misadventures of Encolpius and his lover, a handsome and promiscuous sixteen-year-old servant boy named Giton. Written in the 1st century AD during the reign of Nero, it is the earliest known text of its kind depicting homosexuality.[23]
In the celebrated Japanese work
Antonio Rocco's Alcibiades the Schoolboy, published anonymously in 1652, is an Italian dialogue written as a defense of homosexual sodomy. The first such explicit work known to be written since ancient times, its intended purpose as a "Carnivalesque satire", a defense of pederasty, or a work of pornography is unknown, and debated.[29]
Several
18th and 19th centuries
The era known as the Age of Enlightenment (the 1650s to the 1780s) gave rise to, in part, a general challenge to the traditional doctrines of society in Western Europe. A particular interest in the Classical era of Greece and Rome "as a model for contemporary life" put the Greek appreciation of nudity, the male form and male friendship (and the inevitable homoerotic overtones) into art and literature.[33] It was common for gay authors at this time to include allusions to Greek mythological characters as a code that homosexual readers would recognize.[34] Gay men of the period "commonly understood ancient Greece and Rome to be societies where homosexual relationships were tolerated and even encouraged", and references to those cultures might identify an author or book's sympathy with gay readers and gay themes but probably be overlooked by straight readers.[34] Despite the "increased visibility of queer behavior" and prospering networks of male prostitution in cities like Paris and London, homosexual activity had been outlawed in England (and by extension, the United States) as early as the Buggery Act 1533. Across much of Europe in the 1700s and 1800s, the legal punishment for sodomy was death, making it dangerous to publish or distribute anything with overt gay themes.[33][34] James Jenkins of Valancourt Books noted:
These sorts of coded, subtextual ways of writing about homosexuality were often necessary, since up until the 1950s British authors could be prosecuted for writing openly about homosexuality, and in the U.S., authors and publishers could also face legal action and suppression of their books, not to mention social or moral condemnation that might end an author's career.[34]
Many early
The new "atmosphere of frankness" created by the Enlightenment sparked the production of pornography like
20th century
By the 20th century, discussion of homosexuality became more open and society's understanding of it evolved. A number of novels with explicitly gay themes and characters began to appear in the domain of mainstream or art literature.
British author
In Germany in 1920, Erwin von Busse published a collection of short stories about erotic encounters between men using the pseudonym Granand. Promptly banned for "indecency", it was not republished until 1993 and only appeared in an English translation as Berlin Garden of Erotic Delights in 2022.[59]
Blair Niles's Strange Brother (1931), about the platonic relationship between a heterosexual woman and a gay man in New York City in the late 1920s and early 1930s, is an early, objective exploration of homosexual issues during the Harlem Renaissance.[60] Though praised for its journalistic approach, sympathetic nature and promotion of tolerance and compassion,[61][62] the novel has been numbered among a group of early gay novels that is "cast in the form of a tragic melodrama"[63] and, according to editor and author Anthony Slide, illustrates the "basic assumption that gay characters in literature must come to a tragic end."[64] "Smoke, Lilies, and Jade" by gay author and artist Richard Bruce Nugent, published in 1926, was the first short story by an African-American writer openly addressing his homosexuality. Written in a modernist stream-of-consciousness style, its subject matter was bisexuality and interracial male desire.[65][66][67]
Forman Brown's 1933 novel Better Angel, published under the pseudonym Richard Meeker,[68] is an early novel which describes a gay lifestyle without condemning it.[69] Christopher Carey called it "the first homosexual novel with a truly happy ending".[70] Slide names only four familiar gay novels of the first half of the 20th century in English: Djuna Barnes' Nightwood (1936), Carson McCullers' Reflections in a Golden Eye (1941), Truman Capote's Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948) and Gore Vidal's The City and the Pillar (1948).[64] In John O'Hara's 1935 novel BUtterfield 8, the principal female character Gloria Wondrous has a friend Ann Paul, who in school "was suspect because of a couple of crushes which ... her former schoolmates were too free about calling Lesbian, and Gloria did not think so". Gloria speculates that "there was a little of that in practically all women", considers her own experience with women making passes, and rejects her own theory.[71]
The story of a young man who is
Other notable works of the 1940s and 1950s include
A key element of Allen Drury's 1959 bestselling and Pulitzer Prize-winning political novel Advise and Consent is the blackmailing of young US senator Brigham Anderson, who is hiding a secret wartime homosexual tryst.[85][86][87] In 2009, The Wall Street Journal's Scott Simon wrote of Drury that "the conservative Washington novelist was more progressive than Hollywood liberals", noting that the character Anderson is "candid and unapologetic" about his affair, and even calling him "Drury's most appealing character".[88] Frank Rich wrote in The New York Times in 2005:
For a public official to be identified as gay in the Washington of the 50s and 60s meant not only career suicide but also potentially actual suicide. Yet Drury, a staunchly anti-Communist conservative of his time, regarded the character as sympathetic, not a villain. The senator's gay affair, he wrote, was "purely personal and harmed no one else."[89]
Drury later wrote about the unrequited love of one male astronaut for another in his 1971 novel
In Taiwan, during the martial law period (1949–1987), the Kuomintang government focused on strengthening Taiwan's industrial and economic power and reinforcing traditional Confucious values on society.[93] The heterosexual image of the modern family dominated, and "public discourses of same-sex desire were almost non-existent."[94] Nevertheless, Pai Hsien-yung's Jade Love (1960), "Moon Dream" (1960), "Youthfulness" (1961), and "Seventeen Years Old and Lonely" (1961) — novellas and short stories exploring male homosexual desire — were published in Xiandai Wenxue. He published "A Sky Full of Bright, Twinkling Stars" in 1969, which follows gay characters who frequent Taipei's New Park area and would appear in Pai's 1983 novel Crystal Boys. Crystal Boys is set in 1970s Taipei and covers the main character Li-Qing's life after he is expelled from school for engaging in sexual relations with his classmate Zhao Ying.[95] It is commonly identified as "the first Chinese novel that depicts the life struggles in the homosexual community [and] grew out of the particular socio-historical environment of Taiwan in the 1970s."[96]
Other works published in Taiwan in the early 1960s include Chiang Kuei's Double Suns (1961), with depictions of male homosexual desire, and Kuo Liang-hui's Green Is the Grass (1963), which follows two Taiwanese middle school boys who exhibit sexual and romantic desires toward each other.[97] The status of Double Suns in the Taiwanese gay literature scene has been questioned since male homosexuality is not the main focus of the work. On this, Chi Ta-wei comments on its influence and significance in the history of homosexual literature in Taiwan, writing that "[t]o underestimate [the characters of Double Suns] and deem them 'not homosexual enough' is to truncate the history of literature and to regulate the ever-elusive homosexuality to a confined definition."[98]
James Baldwin followed Giovanni's Room with
A Single Man more fully develops the context of gay oppression than do [Isherwood's] earlier novels ... To portray homosexuals as simply another tribe in a nation comprising many different tribes is both to soften the stigma linked to homosexuality and to encourage solidarity among gay people. And by associating the mistreatment of homosexuals with the discrimination suffered by other minorities in America, Isherwood legitimizes the grievances of gay people at a time when homosexuals were not recognized either as a genuine minority or as valuable members of the human community. Presaging the gay liberation movement, A Single Man presents homosexuality as simply a human variation that should be accorded value and respect and depicts homosexuals as a group whose grievances should be redressed.[101]
In 1969, Taiwanese author Lin Hwai-min published "Cicada" in his short story collection of the same name, Cicada. "Cicada" follows the lives of several college students living in Ximending, Taipei, who explore and struggle with expressing homosexual desires for each other.[106]
Though Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow (1973) was unanimously recommended by the Pulitzer Prize fiction jury to receive the 1974 award, the Pulitzer board chose instead to make no award that year.[107] In 2005 Time named the novel one of its "All-Time 100 Greatest Novels", a list of the best English language novels from 1923 to 2005.[108] Other notable novels from the 1970s include Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman (1976),[109] Andrew Holleran's Dancer from the Dance (1978),[110] and Tales of the City (1978), the first volume of Armistead Maupin's long-running Tales of the City series.[104]
In the 1980s, Edmund White — who had cowritten the 1977 gay sex manual The Joy of Gay Sex — published the semiautobiographical novels A Boy's Own Story (1982) and The Beautiful Room Is Empty (1988).[111] Bret Easton Ellis also came to prominence with Less than Zero (1985), The Rules of Attraction (1987) and later American Psycho (1991).[112] Nobel Prize winner Roger Martin du Gard's unfinished Lieutenant-Colonel de Maumort, written between 1941 and 1958, was published posthumously in 1983. It explores adolescent homosexual relations and includes a fictional first-person account, written in 1944, of a brief tragic encounter between a young soldier and a bakery apprentice in rural France.[113][114]
Colombian-born gay author Fernando Vallejo on 1994 published his semi-autobiographical novel Our Lady of the Assassins. The novel deals with the topic of homosexuality in a secondary way, but it is notable for being set in the context of a Latin American country where it is a taboo.
Taiwanese author Chu T'ien-wen's Notes of a Desolate Man (1994) is written from the first-person perspective of a Taiwanese gay man. Chu compiled the experience of gay men in various cultures as portrayed through media to construct the narrative of Notes of a Desolate Man. The novel has often been criticized by Taiwanese critics for its fragmentary structure and narrative, due to Chu's frequent use of quotations and references. Chu's "presumably heterosexual" and female identity has also inspired various different readings of the novel, as well as "a tension that has been used to serve very different sorts of sexual politics."[115]
The following year, Chi Ta-wei published Sensory World (1995), which is composed of short stories are significant because of their explicit discussion of sex, sexuality, gender, transgender identity, and male homosexual desire. In 1997, Chi published Queer Carnival, which contains a detailed list of Taiwanese queer literature (covering themes of gay, lesbian, transgender, and other sexuality and gender identities).[116]
In 1997, the short story "Brokeback Mountain" written by Annie Proulx was published.[117] It would be later adapted into a critically acclaimed Academy Award nominated film in 2005.
The founding of the
21st century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alan_hollinghurst_2011.jpg/220px-Alan_hollinghurst_2011.jpg)
In the 21st century, much of LGBT literature has achieved a high level of sophistication and many works have earned mainstream acclaim. Notable authors include
Gay pulp
Gay pulp fiction or gay pulps, refers to printed works, primarily fiction, that include references to male
Speculative fiction
Science fiction and fantasy have traditionally been
As speculative fiction gives authors and readers the freedom to imagine societies that are different from real-life cultures, this freedom makes speculative fiction a useful means of examining sexual bias by forcing the reader to reconsider his or her
James Jenkins of
James R. Keller writes that in particular, "Gay and lesbian readers have been quick to identify with the representation of the vampire, suggesting its experiences parallel those of the sexual outsider."[134] Richard Dyer discusses the recurring homoerotic motifs of vampire fiction in his article "Children of the Night", primarily "the necessity of secrecy, the persistence of a forbidden passion, and the fear of discovery."[134][135] With the vampire having been a recurring metaphor for same-sex desire from before Stoker's Dracula, Dyer observes that historically earlier representations of vampires tend to evoke horror and later ones turn that horror into celebration.[134][135] The homoerotic overtones of Anne Rice's celebrated The Vampire Chronicles series (1976–present) are well documented,[134][136][137][138] and its publication reinforced the "widely recognized parallel between the queer and the vampire."[134]
Comics
LGBT themes in comics is a relatively new concept, as
Comic strips have also dealt in subtext and innuendo, their wide distribution in newspapers limiting their inclusion of controversial material. The first openly gay characters appeared in prominent strips in the late 1970s; representation of LGBT issues in these titles causes vociferous reaction, both praise and condemnation, to the present day. Comic strips aimed at LGBT audiences are also syndicated in gay- and lesbian-targeted magazines and comics have been created to educate people about LGBT-related issues and to influence real-world politics, with their format and distribution allowing them to transmit messages more subtle, complex, and positive than typical education material. Portrayal of LGBT themes in comics is recognized by several notable awards, including the
Since the 1990s, LGBT themes have become more common in mainstream US comics, including in a number of titles in which a gay character is the star. European comics have been more inclusive from an earlier date. The lack of censorship, and greater acceptance of comics as a medium of adult entertainment led to less controversy about the representation of LGBT characters. The popular Japanese manga tradition has included genres of girls' comics that feature homosexual relationships since the 1970s, in the form of yaoi and yuri. These works are often extremely romantic and include archetypal characters that often are not identified as gay. Since the Japanese "gay boom" of the 1990s, a body of manga aimed at LGBT customers has been produced, which have more realistic and autobiographical themes. Pornographic manga also often includes sexualised depictions of lesbians and intersex people. Queer theorists[who?] have noted that LGBT characters in mainstream comic books are usually shown as assimilated into heterosexual society, whereas in alternative comics the diversity and uniqueness of LGBT culture is emphasized.
Children's fiction
Gay themes
Compared to
When Megan Went Away (1979) was the first picture book to include LGBT characters.[144] The story, written by Jane Severance and illustrated by Tea Schook, concerns a preteen girl whose lesbian mother and her partner have separated.[145] The first children's book with gay male characters was Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin.[146] Originally published in 1981 in Danish as Mette bor hos Morten og Erik, it tells the story of Jenny, her father and his partner and their daily life. Controversy and politicization followed its publication.
Some of the best known children's books with gay themes include
Recent controversies include King & King, originally written in Dutch and published in English in 2002. The book is about a prince uninterested in princesses, who eventually falls in love with another prince. In 2006, parents sued a Massachusetts school district after a teacher read the book to their son's second grade class.[147][148] And Tango Makes Three (2005) by Justin Richardson and Peter Parnell has been frequently challenged, and is often on the American Library Associations's List of Challenged Books for Banned Books Week.[149] It was ranked ninth on this list in 2017.[150] The book tells the true story of two male penguins who adopt an egg and raise the baby once it has hatched. While it has been banned[149] and debated[151] many times, it has been awarded and noted by the American Library Association on their Rainbow Book List.[152][153]
In 2018,
Australian titles include the books in the 'Learn to Include' series:
A more extensive list of gay children's literature includes:[157]
- A Name on the Quilt: A Story of Remembrance by Jeannine Atkins
- Uncle Bobby's Wedding by Sarah S. Brannen
- A B C: A Family Alphabet Book by Bobby Combs
- 1 2 3: A Family Counting Book by Bobby Combs
- Oliver Button is a Sissy by Tomie dePaola
- Asha's Mums by Rosamund Elwin and Michele Paulse
- The Sissy Duckling by Harvey Fierstein
- Molly's Family by Nancy Garden
- Antonio's Card/La Targeta de Antonio by Rigoberto González
- Best Best Colors: Los Mejores Colo res by Eric Hoffman
- Mini Mia and Her Darling Uncle by Pija Lindenbaum
- Everywhere Babies by Susan Meyers
- Felicia's Favorite Story by Lesléa Newman
- Mommy, Mama, and Me by Lesléa Newman
- Saturday is Pattyday by Lesléa Newman
- Too Far Away to Touch by Lesléa Newman
- The White Swan Express by Jean Davies Okimoto and Elaine M. Aoki
- It's Okay to Be Different by Todd Parr
- Tiger Flowers by Patricia Quinlan
- And Tango Makes Three by Justin Richardson
- Seeds by George Shannon
- My Two Uncles by Judith Vigna
- William's Doll by Charlotte Zolotow
In July 2014, Singapore's National Library Board (NLB), a state-funded network of 26 public libraries, confirmed it would destroy three children's books with pro-LGBT families themes for being "against its 'pro-family' stance[,] following complaints by a parent and its own internal review". The decision was widely criticized by LGBT supporters and the arts and literary community who see the actions as akin to book burnings and other forms of censorship. The three books are And Tango Makes Three, which covers the true story of a pair of male penguins that successfully raise a chick, The White Swan Express, which features children adopted by a variety of families including gay, mixed-race and single parents, and Who's in My Family, which references families with homosexual parents. Two weeks after a gay rights rally, these books "sparked a fierce debate" between the religious conservatives, who opposed the rally, and Singapore's growing gay-rights lobby.[158]
Bisexual themes
As of 2020, there have been no explicitly bisexual characters–either children or adults–in children's picture book fiction.
Awards
- Dayne Ogilvie Prize
- Ferro-Grumley Award
- Lambda Literary Award
- Stonewall Book Award
See also
- Gay characters in fiction
- Gay romance
- Singapore gay literature
- Lesbian literature
- List of lesbian fiction
- List of poets portraying sexual relations between women
- Transgender literature
- List of LGBT writers
- Lost Gay Novels
Notes
- ^ In chapter XXI of his 1912 novel The Gods Are Athirst, Zola depicts a brief failed attempt at a same-sex liaison. Julie has been wearing men's clothing to avoid being recognized. A middle-aged man who has on occasion followed her invites her to share his umbrella. Startled by her voice when she accepts, he runs away. "She suddenly understood, and despite her worries could not prevent herself from smiling."
References
- ISBN 0-300-08088-3.
- ISBN 978-0-231-09670-6.
This anthology offers a chronological survey of writing that represents, interprets, and constructs the experience of love, friendship, intimacy, and desire between men over time--that is, what most readers would call gay male literature.
- ^ Marchesani, Joseph. "Science Fiction and Fantasy". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Pequigney, Joseph. "Classical Mythology". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-674-06094-4.
- ISBN 978-0-521-14844-3.
- ^ a b c Pequigney, Joseph (2002). "Classical Mythology: Achilles, Patroclus, and the Love of Heroes". glbtq.com. p. 5. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- The Myrmidons. Fr. 135. Radt, Stefan.
- ^ a b Crompton, Louis. "Plato (427-327 B.C.E.): The Symposium". glbtq.com. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81843-8.
- Perseus Project. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- ^ Crompton, Louis. "Plato (427-327 B.C.E.): The Phaedrus". glbtq.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- ^ Virgil. "Eclogues II". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ "Gaius Valerius Catullus: Carmen 48 (English)". Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ "Gaius Valerius Catullus: Carmen 50 (English)". Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ "Gaius Valerius Catullus: Carmen 99 (English)". Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ "Gaius Valerius Catullus: Carmen 61 (English)". Lines 119–143. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ Butrica, James L. (2006). "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality". Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity. pp. 218, 224.
- JSTOR 3704392.
- ^ Ancona, Ronnie (2005). "(Un)Constrained Male Desire: An Intertextual Reading of Horace Odes 2.8 and Catullus Poem 61". Gendered Dynamics in Latin Love Poetry. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 47.
- ^ Petrini, Mark (1997). The Child and the Hero: Coming of Age in Catullus and Vergil. University of Michigan Press. pp. 19–20.
- ^ Mount, Harry (November 25, 2009). "Mark Lowe is right: The Romans said it better". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ Frontain, Raymond-Jean. "Petronius (ca 27-66)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ISBN 0-14-243714-X.
- ^ Morris, Ivan (1964). The World of the Shining Prince. New York, Knopf. p. 277.
- ^ Bryan, J. Ingram (1930). The Literature of Japan. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 65.
- ISBN 0-8371-3118-9.
- ISBN 978-4-8053-0919-3.
- ^ Kennedy, Hubert. "Rocco, Antonio (1586-1653)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- S2CID 159712739.
- ^ Amer, Sahar. Crossing Borders: Love between Women in Medieval French and Arabic Literatures. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press (The Middle Ages Series). 2008, xii + 252 p.
- ^ Clark, Robert. "A heroine's sexual itinerary: incest, transvestism, and same-sex marriage in Yde and Olive ". Gender Transgressions: Crossing the Normative Barrier in Old French Literature. Karen J. Taylor (ed.). New York, Garland (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 2064). 1998, p. 89-105.
- ^ a b c Stanley, John D. "Europe: The Enlightenment". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ^ The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8161-1832-8.
- ^ LeFanu, J[oseph] Sheridan (1872). "Carmilla". In a Glass Darkly. London: R. Bentley & Son.
- ^ a b c LeFanu, J[oseph] Sheridan (1993). "Carmilla". In Pam Keesey (ed.). Daughters of Darkness: Lesbian Vampire Stories. Pittsburgh, PA: Cleis Press.
- ISBN 0-815-34055-9.
- ^ Jones, James W. "German and Austrian Literature: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ^ Whitcomb, Selden L.; Matthews, Brander (1893). Chronological Outlines of American Literature. Norwood Press. p. 186.
- ISBN 978-0-672-52287-1.
- ^ Martin, Robert K. "American Literature: Nineteenth Century". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ^ "Henry Blake Fuller". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
- ^ Johnson, Terrence. "Cleland, John (1709-1789)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ^ Nelson, James (2000). Publisher to the Decadents: Leonard Smithers in the Careers of Beardsley, Wilde, Dowson. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- ISBN 978-0-299-21764-8.
- ISBN 0-8112-0995-4.
- ^ a b Garber & Paleo (1983). "The Picture of Dorian Gray". Uranian Worlds. p. 148.
- ^ AfterElton.com. Archived from the originalon August 31, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
- ^ Parmée, Douglass (1992). Introduction. Nana. By Zola, Émile. Oxford University Press. pp. xix–xx.
- ^ Fish, Scott. "Gide, André (1869-1951) - Page 2". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ Gifford, James J. "Stevenson, Edward Irenaeus Prime- (1868-1942)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ a b Higdon, David Leon. "Modernism". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ Cady, Joseph. "American Literature: Gay Male, 1900-1969". glbtq.com. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ Jones, James W. "Mann, Thomas (1875-1955): Death in Venice". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ^ Gregory, Woods. "Proust, Marcel (1871-1922): À la recherche du temps perdu". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ Fish, Scott. "Gide, André (1869-1951) - Page 3". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ISBN 0-393-31032-9.
- ^ Manfred Herzer [in German] (2022). Afterword. Berlin Garden of Erotic Delights. By Granand. Warbler Press. pp. 79–84.
- ^ Stryker, Susan (2001). Queer Pulp: Perverted Passions from the Golden Age of the Paperback. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 97.
- ^ Stryker (2001). Queer Pulp. p. 100.
- ^ Sarotte, Georges-Michel (1978). Like a Brother: Male Homosexuality in the American Novel and Theatre from Herman Melville to James Baldwin. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press. p. 18.
- ^ a b Young, Ian (1975). The Male Homosexual in Literature: A Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press. pp. 153–154.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-136-57208-1.
- S2CID 162087245.
- ^ "'Smoke, Lilies and Jade' by Richard Bruce Nugent". Lost Gay Fiction. March 30, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
- ^ "Smoke, Lilies and Jade". userpage.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-56023-414-2.
- ISBN 978-1-56023-414-2.
- ^ Carey, Christopher (2012). Trials from Classical Athens. Routledge. p. 484.
- ISBN 978-1-101-60296-6. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
- ^ Austen, Roger (1977). Playing the Game: The Homosexual Novel in America. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. p. 119.
- ^ Stryker (2001). Queer Pulp. pp. 17, 103.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-312-25267-0.
- ^ Drewey Wayne Gunn, ed. (2003). The Golden Age of Gay Fiction. Albion, New York: MLR Press. p. 3 (Ian Young).
- ^ Vidal (1995). The City and the Pillar and Seven Early Stories. p. xvi.
- ^ Bronksi (2003). Pulp Friction. p. 5.
- ^ Farmer, Amy. "Genet, Jean (1910-1986)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- ^ Nakao, Seigo. "Mishima, Yukio (1925-1970)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (September 23, 1983). "Screen: Italy's Ernesto, Teen-Age Rebel in 1911". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ a b Nelson, Emmanuel S. "Baldwin, James Arthur (1924-1987)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-56023-414-2.
The Charioteer (1953), The Last of the Wine (1956), and particularly The Persian Boy (1972) quickly became best-sellers within the gay community
- Lambda Literary. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
- ^ "Book Description: A Room in Chelsea Square (1958) by Michael Nelson". Valancourt Books. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
- ^ Smith, Dinitia (September 3, 1998). "Allen Drury, 80, Novelist; Wrote Advise and Consent (Obituary)". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
- ^ Ringle, Ken (September 4, 1998). "Allen Drury, Father Of the D.C. Drama". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
- ^ a b c Tarloff, Erik (February 21, 1999). "Before Monica: Allen Drury's last novel revisits some old political battlefields and ends a trilogy". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
- ^ a b Simon, Scott (September 2, 2009). "At 50, a D.C. Novel With Legs". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
- ^ Rich, Frank (May 15, 2005). "Just How Gay Is the Right?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
- ^ "Return to Thebes by Allen Drury". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
- ^ "Toward What Bright Glory? by Allen Drury". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
North McAllister, the tormented homosexual trying to keep his secret, but recklessly in love.
- ^ "Public Men by Allen Drury". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
[Willie's] campaign is compromised by gay son Amos, who at last commits suicide with his lover, Joel.
- JSTOR 45014214.
- S2CID 154473654.
- ISBN 978-1-315-39402-2
- JSTOR 45014214.
- ISBN 978-1-315-39402-2
- ISBN 978-1-315-39402-2
- ^ Bredbeck, Gregory W. "Rechy, John (b. 1934)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Summers, Claude J. (October 25, 2013). "John Rechy's City of Night at 50". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Summers, Claude J. "Isherwood, Christopher (1904-1986): Isherwood's Masterpiece, A Single Man". glbtq.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Boucher, Anthony (June 5, 1966). "Criminals At Large". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
- ^ Kiernan, Robert F. (1982). Gore Vidal. Frederick Ungar Publishing, Inc. pp. 94–100.
- ^ a b Kantrowitz, Arnie. "Humor: Use of a Surrogate and Connecting Openly Gay and Lesbian Characters to a Larger Society". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ Miller, Edmund. "Vidal, Gore (1925-2012)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- S2CID 160298736.
- ^ McDowell, Edwin (May 11, 1984). "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies". The New York Times. p. C26.
- ^ "All-Time 100 Novels". Time. October 16, 2005. Archived from the original on October 21, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Soto, Francisco. "Puig, Manuel (1932-1990)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Bredbeck, Gregory W. "Holleran, Andrew (b. 1943?)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Woodland, Randal. "White, Edmund (b. 1940)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Cordova, Steven. "Ellis, Bret Easton (b. 1964)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ISBN 0-300-04998-6. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
- ^ Martin du Gard, Roger (1983). "VI (adolescence), XIII (encounter)". Lieutenant-Colonel de Maumort. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- JSTOR 41412148.
- S2CID 160298736.
- ^ "Brokeback Mountain: Story to Screenplay (Trade Paperback)". Scribner. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
- ^ Dewey, Charlsie (May 28, 2013). "Lambda Literary Foundation marks 25 years of LGBT writers". Windy City Times. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ Stack, Tim. "Love, Simon: Your first look at 2018's major studio gay teen romance". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
- ^ Lang, Brent (March 9, 2018). "Love, Simon Stars Say Gay Teen Romance Will Save Lives". Variety. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
- ^ "Red, White & Royal Blue". Goodreads. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ Mike Fleming Jr (April 10, 2019). "Amazon Studios, Berlanti Productions Win Casey McQuiston Novel Red White & Royal Blue". Deadline. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ Bronski, Michael, ed. Pulp Friction: Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2003, page 2.
- ^ ISBN 1-85723-897-4.
- ^ Joanna Russ. "Introduction". Uranian Worlds. p. xxii.
- ISBN 978-0-8240-6544-7.
- ^ "Reviews: Ethan of Athos". Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
- ^ Walton, Jo (April 2, 2009). "Quest for Ovaries: Lois McMaster Bujold's Ethan of Athos". Tor.com. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
- ^ Gerlach, Nicki (2011). "The SF Site Featured Review: Ethan of Athos". SF Site. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
- ^ Garber & Paleo (1983). Uranian Worlds.
- ^ Pearson, Hollinger & Groden, p.7
- )
- ISBN 0-7864-0474-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7864-0846-7.
- ^ a b Dyer, Richard (1988). "Children of the Night: Vampirism as Homosexuality, Homosexuality as Vampirism". In Susannah Radstone (ed.). Sweet Dreams: Sexuality, Gender, and Popular Fiction. London: Lawrence & Wishart Ltd. p. 64.
- ^ "Submit to Anne". Salon.com. September 16, 1996. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (November 11, 1994). "Film Review: Interview with the Vampire; Rapture and Terror, Bound by Blood". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
- ^ James, Caryn (November 13, 1994). "In Search of the Man Within the Monster". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
- ^ The Yellow Kid, first serialized in 1895, is considered the "first newspaper comic strip", though "the mechanics of comic strips were in use well before the Kid's debut in illustrated magazines." Wood, Mary (February 2, 2004), Origins of the Kid, xroads.virginia.edu, archived from the original on March 2, 2018, retrieved March 18, 2009
- ISBN 0-87805-975-X
- ^ Applegate, David, Coming Out in the Comic Strips, MSNBC, archived from the original on October 2, 2008, retrieved March 29, 2009
- ^ Getlin, Josh (January 5, 2004). "Gay references touchy in children's literature". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
- S2CID 140739803.
- ISBN 978-1-59884-960-8.
- S2CID 144164146.
- ^ Naidoo 2012, p. 49.
- ^ Meade, Michael J. (April 27, 2006). "Parents File Federal Suit Over Gay Book". 365Gay.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
- ^ Williams, Margo (April 20, 2006). "New Dispute Over Gay Books Erupts At Mass. School". 365Gay.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2006. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
- ^ a b "Banned Books Week: And Tango Makes Three". The New York Public Library. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ Top 10 Most Challenged Books of 2017. Banned Books Week. April 9, 2018. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2018 – via YouTube.
- ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ "Rainbow Project Book List | Awards & Grants". www.ala.org. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ "And Tango Makes Three | Awards & Grants". www.ala.org. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ "GLAAD to Publish LGBTQ Book Series for Children". TheWrap. May 17, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ "Daniel Haack — Books". Daniel Haack. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ Wong, Curtis M. (September 7, 2018). "In 'Maiden & Princess,' Two Young Women Find Their Happily Ever After". HuffPost. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ Ann, Frances. "A Rainbow Celebration: Gays & Lesbians in Books for Children". San Francisco Public Library. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
- ^ "Singapore national library to destroy LGBT-themed children's books". TheJournal.ie. July 11, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
- S2CID 148885417.
- ^ S2CID 144052661.
- ISBN 978-0-9564507-3-9.
- ^ S2CID 224929588.
- ^ Crawley, S. Adam (2020). "Who's out? Who's in? (Re)presentations of LGB+ individuals in picturebook biographies". Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education. 19 (1): 128–159. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- S2CID 145591220.
Further reading
- Pages Passed from Hand to Hand: The Hidden Tradition of Homosexual Literature in English from 1748 to 1914 edited and with an introduction by Mark Mitchell and David Leavitt, Chatto & Windus 1998
- Homosexuality in Literature, 1890–1930 by Jeffrey Mayers, Athlone, 1977
- A History of Gay Literature: The Male Tradition by Gregory Woods, Yale University Press, 1999
- Gaiety Transfigured: Gay Self-Representation in American Literature edited by David Bergman, University of Wisconsin Press, 1991
- Beyond Sex and Romance?: The Politics of Contemporary Lesbian Fiction edited by Elaine Hutton, Women's Press, 1998.
- Lesbian and Gay Writing: An Anthology of Critical Essays edited by Mark Lilly, Macmillan, 1990
- Love Between Men in English Literature by Paul Hammond, Macmillan, 1996
- The Homosexual as Hero in Contemporary Fiction by Stephen Adams, Vision, 1980
- The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse edited by Stephen Coote, Penguin, 1983
- Essays on Gay Literature edited by Stuart Kellogg, Harrington Park Press, 1983
- Chapman, Elizabeth L. (Winter 2013). "No More Controversial than a Gardening Display?: Provision of LGBT-Related Fiction to Children and Young People in U.K. Public Libraries" (PDF). Library Trends. 61 (3): 542–568. S2CID 5856431.
- Spence, Alex (July 2000). "Controversial Books in the Public Library: A Comparative Survey of Holdings of Gay-Related Children's Picture Books". The Library Quarterly. 70 (3): 335–379. S2CID 140739803.
- Buso, Michael Alan (2017). "Here There Is No Plague": The Ideology and Phenomenology of AIDS in Gay Literature AIDS in Gay Literature. University of West Virginia. - Document ID 5291
- Spence, Alex (2024). Asian Gay Literature: An Annotated Bibliography of Modern LGBTQ Works of Literary Fiction and Biography, Arranged by Country.
- Reade, Brian (1970). Sexual Heretics: Male Homosexuality in English Literature from 1850 to 1900.
External links
- Lambda Literary Foundation – Publishes the Lambda Book Report and the Lambda Literary Awards
- Blithe House Quarterly – online journal
- Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Culture on Gay Literature
- NuWine Press - Gay Christian Book Publisher featuring fresh perspectives on the Christian faith Archived May 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- Lodestar Quarterly — an Online Journal of the Finest Gay, Lesbian, and Queer Literature
- Lesbian Mysteries features Lesbian Mystery Novels
- Gay's the Word UK LGBTQ Specialist Bookshop
- GLSEN Annotated Bibliography of Children's Books With Gay and Lesbian Characters
- [1] Lists, summarizes, and offers reader reviews of Teen, Middle Grade, and Picture Books with Gay (GLBTQ) characters and themes.