German Braille
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|
German Braille | ||
---|---|---|
Script type | ( Unicode range | U+2800 to U+283F |
German Braille is one of the older
Letters
In numerical order by decade, the letters are:
a |
b |
c en |
d |
e |
f |
g |
h |
i |
j |
k |
l |
m |
n |
o |
p |
q ll |
r |
s |
t |
u |
v |
x mm |
y el |
z |
& ge |
% es |
em |
ß ss |
st |
au |
eu |
ei |
ch |
sch |
ein |
er |
ü |
ö |
w |
|
be |
al |
un |
or |
an |
eh |
tt |
in |
ar |
-ig |
äu |
ä |
ie |
# ich |
$ ck |
-lich |
-ach |
The generic accent sign, ⠈, is used with foreign names such as ⠍⠕⠇⠊⠈⠑⠗⠑ Molière that have accented letters not found in German. There are numerous contractions and abbreviations.
Punctuation
Punctuation is as follows:
.[a] |
, |
’ |
; |
: |
? |
! |
- |
— |
/ |
| |
\ |
* |
_ |
Only the first asterisk is marked with dot 6, so print *** is in braille ⠠⠔⠔⠔.
§ |
Art. |
& |
@ |
° |
′ |
″ |
⠴ is the Artikel sign, marking an article of a document.
... „ ... “ |
... ‘ ... ’ |
... ( ... ) |
... [ ... ] |
For the brackets of phonetic transcription, German Braille uses a modified form, ⠰⠶...⠰⠶.
Additional punctuation and symbols, especially mathematical, are explained in the external reference below.
Numbers
Numbers are introduced with the sign ⠼. They are dropped to decade 5 for ordinals and for the denominator of fractions.
So, for example, ⠼⠙ is ⟨4⟩, while ⠼⠲ is ⟨4.⟩ (4th), and ⠼⠉⠲ is ⟨3⁄4⟩́.
(num.) |
% |
‰ |
The percent sign requires the number sign even after a number: ⠼⠃⠼⠴ ⟨2%⟩; otherwise it would look like the (undefined) fraction 2⁄0.
In a compound fraction, a repeat of the number sign separate the units from the fraction: ⠼⠁⠼⠁⠆ ⟨1+1⁄2⟩.
Formatting
(num.) |
(Caps) |
(CAPS) |
(ALL CAPS) |
(l.c.) |
(emphasis) |
(end) |
The emphasis sign (for italics, underline, or bold) is marked with an extra point, ⠠⠸, when it occurs in the middle of a word. It is doubled, ⠸⠸, when more than one word is emphasized, in which case the ending sign ⠠⠄ will be required at the end of the last word.
The all-caps sign is used for initialisms and the like. Doubled, it is used for all-cap text, such as titles, and the same ending sign, ⠠⠄, is used. Names with initials, such as J.S. Bach, do not require the cap sign. The lower-case sign ⠠ is used to mark mixed case or exceptions to expected capitalization; as such, it replaces the apostrophe that sets off the plural -s in print:
- ⠘⠊⠉⠠⠎ ⟨IC's⟩, ⠘⠍⠨⠓⠵ ⟨MHz⟩, ⠨⠛⠍⠃⠘⠓ ⟨GmbH⟩.
(Note the initialism sign can be used for a single letter.)
Lower-case metric units are marked as lower-case: ⠠⠅⠘⠺ ⟨kW⟩. This is useful, as it ends the scope of the number sign ⠼:
- ⠼⠁⠉⠚⠠⠓⠨⠏⠁ ⟨130 hPa⟩, ⠼⠁⠉⠚⠠⠅⠘⠧⠁ ⟨130 kVA⟩.
See also
- Moon type is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation for German-reading blind people has been proposed.
Notes
- ^ And thus the ellipsis, ⠄⠄⠄ (...).