Glutamine
Skeletal formula of L-glutamine
| |||
| |||
Names | |||
---|---|---|---|
IUPAC name
Glutamine
| |||
Other names
L-Glutamine
(levo)glutamide 2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid 2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid Endari[1] | |||
Identifiers | |||
3D model (
JSmol ) |
|||
Abbreviations | Gln, Q | ||
ChEBI | |||
ChEMBL | |||
ChemSpider | |||
DrugBank | |||
ECHA InfoCard
|
100.000.266 | ||
EC Number |
| ||
IUPHAR/BPS |
|||
KEGG | |||
PubChem CID
|
|||
UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|||
| |||
| |||
Properties[2] | |||
C5H10N2O3 | |||
Molar mass | 146.146 g·mol−1 | ||
Melting point | decomposes around 185°C | ||
soluble | |||
Acidity (pKa) | 2.2 (carboxyl), 9.1 (amino) | ||
Chiral rotation ([α]D)
|
+6.5º (H2O, c = 2) | ||
Pharmacology | |||
A16AA03 (WHO) | |||
Supplementary data page | |||
Glutamine (data page) | |||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
Clinical data | |
---|---|
Trade names | Endari, Nutrestore |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a617035 |
License data | |
Routes of administration | By mouth |
Drug class | Gastrointestinal agent |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status |
|
Identifiers | |
| |
JSmol) | |
| |
| |
Data page | |
Glutamine (data page) |
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q)
In
The dietary sources of glutamine include especially the protein-rich foods like
The one-letter symbol Q for glutamine was assigned in alphabetical sequence to N for asparagine, being larger by merely one methylene –CH2– group. Note that P was used for proline, and O was avoided due to similarity with D. The mnemonic Qlutamine was also proposed.[9]
Functions
Glutamine plays a role in a variety of biochemical functions:
- Protein synthesis, as any other of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids
- Lipid synthesis, especially by cancer cells.[10]
- Regulation of acid-base balance in the kidney by producing ammonium[11]
- Cellular energy, as a source, next to glucose[12]
- Nitrogen donation for many anabolic processes, including the synthesis of purines[8]
- Carbon donation, as a source, refilling the citric acid cycle[13]
- Nontoxic transporter of ammonia in the blood circulation.[14][15]
- Integrity of healthy intestinal mucosa, though small randomized trials have shown no benefit in Crohn's disease.[16]
Roles in metabolism
Glutamine maintains redox balance by participating in glutathione synthesis and contributing to anabolic processes such as lipid synthesis by reductive carboxylation.[17]
Glutamine provides a source of carbon and nitrogen for use in other metabolic processes. Glutamine is present in serum at higher concentrations than other amino acids
Production
Glutamine is produced industrially using mutants of
Biosynthesis
Glutamine synthesis from
Uses
Nutrition
Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring,
Sickle cell disease
PMID 31985279. . (November 2023) |
In 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved L-glutamine oral powder, marketed as Endari, to reduce severe complications of sickle cell disease in people aged five years and older with the disorder.[1]
The safety and efficacy of L-glutamine oral powder were studied in a randomized trial of subjects ages five to 58 years old with sickle cell disease who had two or more painful crises within the 12 months prior to enrollment in the trial.[1] Subjects were assigned randomly to treatment with L-glutamine oral powder or placebo, and the effect of treatment was evaluated over 48 weeks.[1] Subjects who were treated with L-glutamine oral powder experienced fewer hospital visits for pain treated with a parenterally administered narcotic or ketorolac (sickle cell crises), on average, compared to subjects who received a placebo (median 3 vs. median 4), fewer hospitalizations for sickle cell pain (median 2 vs. median 3), and fewer days in the hospital (median 6.5 days vs. median 11 days).[1] Subjects who received L-glutamine oral powder also had fewer occurrences of acute chest syndrome (a life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease) compared with patients who received a placebo (8.6 percent vs. 23.1 percent).[1]
Common side effects of L-glutamine oral powder include constipation, nausea, headache, abdominal pain, cough, pain in the extremities, back pain and chest pain.[1]
L-glutamine oral powder received orphan drug designation.[1] The FDA granted the approval of Endari to Emmaus Medical Inc.[1]
Medical food
Glutamine is marketed as medical food and is prescribed when a medical professional believes a person in their care needs supplementary glutamine due to metabolic demands beyond what can be met by endogenous synthesis or diet.[26]
Safety
Glutamine is safe in adults and in preterm infants.[27] Although glutamine is metabolized to glutamate and ammonia, both of which have neurological effects, their concentrations are not increased much, and no adverse neurological effects were detected.[27] The observed safe level for supplemental L-glutamine in normal healthy adults is 14 g/day.[28]
Adverse effects of glutamine have been described for people receiving home parenteral nutrition and those with liver-function abnormalities.[29] Although glutamine has no effect on the proliferation of tumor cells, it is still possible that glutamine supplementation may be detrimental in some cancer types.[30]
Ceasing glutamine supplementation in people adapted to very high consumption may initiate a withdrawal effect, raising the risk of health problems such as infections or impaired integrity of the intestine.[30]
Structure
Glutamine can exist in either of two enantiomeric forms, L-glutamine and D-glutamine. The L-form is found in nature. Glutamine contains an α-amino group which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions and a carboxylic acid group which is in the deprotonated −COO− form, known as carboxylate, under physiological conditions.
Research
Glutamine mouthwash may be useful to prevent oral mucositis in people undergoing chemotherapy but intravenous glutamine does not appear useful to prevent mucositis in the GI tract.[32]
Glutamine supplementation was thought to have potential to reduce complications in people who are critically ill or who have had abdominal surgery but this was based on poor quality clinical trials.[33] Supplementation does not appear to be useful in adults or children with Crohn's disease or inflammatory bowel disease, but clinical studies as of 2016 were underpowered.[16] Supplementation does not appear to have an effect in infants with significant problems of the stomach or intestines.[34]
Some athletes use L-glutamine as supplement. Studies support the positive effects of the chronic oral administration of the supplement on the injury and inflammation induced by intense aerobic and exhaustive exercise, but the effects on muscle recovery from weight training are unclear.[35]
See also
- Isoglutamine
- Trinucleotide repeat disorder
- PolyQ tract
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "FDA approves new treatment for sickle cell disease". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 7 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ISBN 0-8493-0462-8..
- ^ "Glutamine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-309-10091-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 March 2014.
- PMID 2080048.
- ISSN 0307-4412.
- ^ PMID 12771367.
- .
- ^ S2CID 1478014.
- ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.
- PMID 15221859.
- ^ PMID 17606868.
- PMID 35733937.
- S2CID 26569656.
- ^ PMID 27940405.
- PMID 27049945.
- PMID 436006.
- PMID 18032601.
- PMID 18177721.
- PMID 11533304.
- PMID 29044214.
- ISBN 978-3527306732.
- PMID 12563517.
- ^ PMID 29767158.
- ^ "GlutaSolve, NutreStore, SYMPT-X G.I., SYMPT-X Glutamine (glutamine) Drug Side Effects, Interactions, and Medication Information on eMedicineHealth". eMedicineHealth. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ PMID 11533313.
- PMID 18325648.
- PMID 11451714.
- ^ PMID 22990615.
- PMID 26495301.
- PMID 23276913.
- PMID 25199493.
- PMID 27089158.
- S2CID 81105808.
External links
- Glutamine spectra acquired through mass spectroscopy