Guangzhou Metro
Guangzhou Metro | |||
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standard gauge | |||
Minimum radius of curvature | 206 m (676 ft)[6] | ||
Electrification |
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Guangzhou Metro | ||||||||||||
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Hanyu Pinyin | Guǎngzhōu Dìtiě | |||||||||||
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The Guangzhou Metro (simplified Chinese: 广州地铁; traditional Chinese: 廣州地鐵; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu Dìtiě; Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹ Dei⁶tit³) ([kwàŋ.ʈʂóʊ.tî.tʰjè] and [kʷɔːŋ˧˥.tsɐu˥.tei˨.tʰiːt̚˧]) is the rapid transit system of the city of Guangzhou in the Guangdong Province of China. It is operated by the state-owned Guangzhou Metro Corporation and was the fourth metro system to be built in mainland China, after those of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai.
The earliest efforts to build an
As of 1 May 2022[update], Guangzhou Metro has 16 lines in operation, namely:
of lines.Extensive development of the metro network has been planned for the next decade, with construction started on
Some of the system's lines were designed to operate much faster than traditional metro lines, with stations far apart and faster trainsets regularly running at 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph). Lines 18 and 22 are the fastest metro lines in China, a title previously held by Line 11 of the Shenzhen Metro.[16][17]
History
Forays of the 1960s and 1970s
A city cannot be modernized without a metro system!
— Chen Yu, Governor of Guangdong 1957–1967[f]
Chen Yu (Chinese: 陈郁), Governor of Guangdong in 1957–1967,[18] was the first to have proposed an underground metro system for Guangzhou. In the summer of 1960, he ordered a secret geological survey of groundwater levels of Guangzhou. Six holes with an accumulated depth of 1980 m were drilled in the karst and alluvial plains in the city. The geological conditions of Guangzhou, despite their complexity, did not preclude the possibility of an underground metro system. Analysis of the survey data resulted in a confidential report titled Geological Survey for Guangzhou Underground Railway Project dated July 1961, the earliest one of such reports.[8]
In 1965, Chen Yu along with
As envisaged by Chen Yu, the metro system of Guangzhou would consist of two lines: a north–south line that would connect Nanfang Building to Sanyuanli via Renmin Lu and Jiefang Beilu, and an east–west line that would run from Xichang to
Construction of Line 1
The metro project of Guangzhou was launched for the sixth time in 1984 as the Preparation Office of Guangzhou Metro, established back in 1979 as part of the last attempt to resurrect Project Nine, was moved out of the civil air-defense system and became a subordinate body of the Construction Commission of Guangzhou, bringing Guangzhou Metro into the scope of urban infrastructure development. Before the 1980s, war preparedness was the dominant tenet of underground infrastructure projects in mainland China. The construction of Guangzhou Metro marked the first deviation from the old doctrine as traffic itself became the prime consideration of the project.[9]
The design of the initial metro network was a collaborative effort between China and France (SYSTRA).[21] Four tentative designs were published on 14 March 1988 edition of Guangzhou Daily. From the four designs, one was selected based on expert and mass feedback. The selected design, featuring two intersecting lines, was the baseline typology for today's Line 1 and Line 2.[9]
Construction of Line 1 officially commenced on 28 December 1993, although work on a trial section at
Three and a half years after construction started, the 5.4 km (3.4 mi) section from
Accelerated expansion in the 2000s
The success of Line 1 as a
Construction of Line 2 started in July 1998.
The renewed craze for rapid transit across the country soon encountered a new round of tightened control on project approval around 2003. But Guangzhou was exempted along with Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.[32] By the time Line 2 was completed, construction of Line 3, Line 4, and Guangfo Line had been underway,[31] among which only Guangfo Line later fell to stringent regulation of approvals.[32]
Lines in operation
Line | Terminals (District) |
Commencement | Newest Extension |
Length km |
Stations | Depots/ Stabling Sidings | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Liwan )
|
Tianhe )
|
1997 | 1999 | 18.5 | 16 | Xilang |
2 | Panyu )
|
Baiyun )
|
2002 | 2010 | 31.8 | 24 | Jiahe/Dazhou |
3 | Panyu )
|
Tianhe )
|
2005 | 2018 | 68.5 | 30 | Jiahe/Xiajiao |
4 | Nansha Passenger Port (Nansha) |
Tianhe )
|
2005 | 2017 | 60.0 | 23 | Xinzao |
5 | Liwan )
|
Huangpu )
|
2009 | 2023 | 41.7 | 30 | Yuzhu/Shuanggang |
6 | Baiyun )
|
Huangpu )
|
2013 | 2016 | 41.7 | 31 | Xunfenggang/Luogang |
7 | Shunde, Foshan )
|
Huangpu )
|
2016 | 2023 | 54.24 | 27 | Dazhou/Yifeng/Jitang |
8 | Baiyun )
|
Haizhu )
|
2003 | 2020 | 33.9 | 28 | Baiyunhu |
9 | Huadu )
|
Baiyun )
|
2017 | — | 20.1 | 11 | Qishan |
13 | Huangpu )
|
Zengcheng )
|
2017 | — | 28.3 | 11 | Yuzhu/Guanhu |
14 | Baiyun )
|
Huangpu )
|
2017 | 2018 | 75.4 | 22 | Shihu/Zhenlong/Dengcun |
18 | Tianhe )
|
Wanqingsha (Nansha) |
2021 | — | 58.3 | 8 | Longzhen/Wanqingsha |
21 | Tianhe )
|
Zengcheng )
|
2018 | 2019 | 61.5[33] | 21 | Zhenlong/Xiangling |
22 | Panyu )
|
Panyu Square (Panyu) |
2022 | — | 18.2 | 4 | Longzhen/Chentougang |
APM | Haizhu )
|
Tianhe )
|
2010 | — | 4.0 | 9 | Chigang Pagoda |
Guangfo | Shunde, Foshan )
|
Haizhu )
|
2010 | 2018 | 39.6 | 25 | Xianan |
Total | 652.81[1] | 320[1] |
Line 1
Line 1 runs from Xilang to Guangzhou East railway station, with a total length of 18.5 km (11.5 mi). Except for Kengkou and Xilang, all stations in Line 1 are underground.[34] Its first section, from Xilang to Huangsha, opened on 28 June 1997, making Guangzhou the fourth city in mainland China to have a metro system. The full line started operation two years later on 28 June 1999. Line 1's color is yellow.
Line 2
Line 2 is a north–south line that runs from Jiahewanggang to Guangzhou South railway station. Until 21 September 2010, it ran from Sanyuanli to Wanshengwei. Its first section, between Sanyuanli and Xiaogang, opened on 29 December 2002. It was extended from Xiaogang to Pazhou on 28 June 2003 and further to Wanshengwei a year later. The section between Xiaogang and Wanshengwei was split off to form part of Line 8 during 22–24 September 2010, when the operation was paused. The latest extension, from Jiangnanxi to Guangzhou South railway station and from Sanyuanli to Jiahewanggang, opened on 25 September 2010 as the whole line resumed operation. The length of the current line is 31.4 km (19.5 mi). All stations in Line 2 are underground.[35] Line 2's color is deep blue.
Line 3
Line 3 is a 64.2 km (39.9 mi) Y-shaped line connecting Airport North and Tianhe Coach Terminal to Panyu Square. All stations in the line are underground.[36] When the line opened on 26 December 2005, trains operated between Guangzhou East railway station and Kecun. Following completion of the Tianhe Coach Terminal–Tiyu Xilu and Kecun–Panyu Square sections, the line was rerouted on 30 December 2006 to offer transfer-free connections between Panyu Square and Tianhe Coach Terminal via Tiyu Xilu. The Guangzhou East railway station–Tiyu Xilu section became a shuttle until it was extended northwards to Airport South on 30 October 2010. In official distinctions, the main route consists of the entire Tianhe Coach Terminal–Panyu Square section, while the Airport South–Tiyu Xilu section is a spur line.[37] The spur line will be split off in the long term to form part of Line 10.[38] Line 3 had been notorious for its crowding since it opened, for it ran three-car trains. That was partly relieved when all three-car trains started operating as six-car ones, connected in sets of two, on 28 April 2010.[39] Sectional services between Tonghe to Dashi are added from 7:30 to 8:30 every workday, partly solving the capacity issues.[40] Despite these changes, as of 2018, the line is still severely overcrowded. Line 3's color is bright orange.
Line 4
Line 4 is a north–south line running parallel to Line 2 along the east of the city. It is 60.03 km (37.30 mi) long with 24 stations. The section of the line from
Line 5
The 41.7 km (25.9 mi) long Line 5 starts at Jiaokou and runs to Huangpu New Port. It entered operation on 28 December 2009 between Jiaokou and Wenchong, and on 28 December 2023 between Wenchong and Huangpu New Port. All stations in the line except Jiaokou and Tanwei are underground. Until Line 8 was split off from Line 2, it was the only line that interchanged with all other lines. Similar to Line 4, Line 5 also uses linear motor trains. Line 5's color is red.
Line 6
The first stage of Line 6, a 24.5 km (15.2 mi) long phase one runs from Xunfenggang to Changban with 22 stations. It began service on 28 December 2013 and contains three elevated stations along the route. Construction of a 10-station, 17.2 km (10.7 mi) long extension to Xiangxue from Changban is entered revenue service in 2016. The line runs four-car trains, but stations of the east extension starting with South China Botanical Garden will be constructed with a provision to accommodate six-car trains in preparation for a route split in the future.[44] Line 6's color is maroon.
Line 7
The first phase of Line 7 began service on 28 December 2016 and ran from
Line 8
The first section of Line 8, from Xiaogang to Wanshengwei, opened in 2002 and ran as part of Line 2 until the extension to the line was completed in September 2010. Line 8 ran from Fenghuang Xincun to Wanshengwei. The section from Changgang to Wanshengwei opened on 25 September 2010 when the split-off from Line 2 was complete. The section west of Changgang did not open until 3 November 2010 due to disputes over the environmental impact of the cooling facilities at Shayuan.[46][47] The remaining section from Fenghuang Xincun to Cultural Park and Cultural Park to Jiaoxin are opened on 28 December 2019 and 26 November 2020 separately. Line 8's color is teal.
Line 9
The 20.1 km (12.5 mi) long underground route is operated by six-car trains, which runs from
Line 13
Opened on 28 December 2017, Line 13 is the first metro line in Guangzhou built to run eight-car trains. The currently operating 27.03 km (16.80 mi) first phase runs from
Line 14
Two sections of Line 14 are currently in service. The Knowledge City Branch Line, a ten-station 21.01 km (13.06 mi) long route located mainly within
Line 18
The section from Xiancun to Wanqingsha of Line 18 opened on 28 September 2021. The section is 58.3 km in length. It will be extended 3 km to Guangzhou East Railway Station. A further 39.6 km extension to Huachengjie is also planned. Line 18's color is blue.
Line 21
The 61.5 km (38.2 mi)
Line 22
The section from Panyu Square to Chentougang of Line 22 opened on 31 March 2022. The section is 18.2 km in length. It will be extended 73.2 km to Airport North (Terminal 2).[50] Line 22's color is orange.
Guangfo Line
The Guangzhou–Foshan Section of Pearl River Delta Region Intercity Rapid Transit (Chinese: 珠江三角洲地区城际快速轨道交通广州至佛山段) is an intercity metro line that connects Guangzhou and Foshan. It is commonly known as Guangfo Metro and Guangfo Line of Guangzhou Metro. The section within Foshan also doubles as Line 1 of FMetro (Foshan Metro). The line is operated by Guangdong Guangfo Rail Transit Co., Ltd., a subsidiary co-owned by Guangzhou Metro (51%) and Foshan Metro (49%).[51][52] Its first section, from Xilang to Kuiqi Lu in Foshan, started operation on 3 November 2010 with 21 km (13 mi) of tracks and 14 stations.[12][47] Eleven of the stations are located in Foshan, while the other three are in Guangzhou.[47] Relocation disputes at Lijiao were not resolved until October 2013 and have delayed completion of the extension from Xilang to Lijiao till December 2015.[53] When the line is completed, it will have 32.2 km (20.0 mi) of tracks and 21 stations, of which 17.4 km (10.8 mi) of tracks and 10 stations will be located in Guangzhou.[52] The line runs four-car trains.[52] All its stations are underground.[54]
Zhujiang New Town APM Line
The Automated People Mover System of Zhujiang New Town Core District Municipal Traffic Project (
Network expansion
Short-term planning
Under construction[61] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Project | Terminals/Stations | Length km |
Stations | Status (Construction progress[i]) |
3 Eastern extension | Panyu Square – Haibang | 9.55 | 4 | Under construction: 98% Expected to open in 2024 |
4 Remaining station | Guanqiao | - | 1 | Under construction
Expected to open in 2026 |
6 Remaining station | Shahe | - | 1 | Under construction Expected to open in 2024 |
8 Far northern extension | Jiaoxin – Jiangfu | 9.4 | 4 | Under construction |
10 [j] | Xilang – Shipaiqiao joins Line 3 spur line | 25.46 | 14 | Under construction: 82% |
11 | loop line (Yuancun – Guangzhou Railway Station – Tianhe Park) | 43.2 | 32 | Under construction: 97% Expected to open in 2024 |
12 | Xunfenggang – Higher Education Mega Center South | 37.6 | 25 | Under construction: 77%
Expected to open in 2024-2026 |
13 Phase 2 | Chaoyang – Yuzhu | 33.8 | 23 | Under construction: 81%
Expected to open in 2025 |
14 Phase 2 | Guangzhou Railway Station – Jiahewanggang | 11.6 | 8 | Under construction: 56%
Expected to open in 2024 |
18 Remaining section of phase 1 | Xiancun – Guangzhou East Railway Station | 3 | 1 | Under construction: 43%
Expected to open in 2024 |
18 Northern extension (Guanghua intercity) |
Guangzhou East Railway Station – Huachengjie | 40.1 | 7 | Under construction: 25%
Expected to open in 2027 |
18 Southern extension western section (Nanzhuzhong intercity Nansha to Zhongshan section) |
Wanqingsha – Xingzhong | 47.6 | 10 | Under construction: 25% (Guangzhou section) |
22 Remaining section of phase 1 | Chentougang – Fangcun | 12.6 | 4 | Under construction: 54% |
22 Northern extension (Fangbai intercity) |
Fangcun – Airport North | 42.4 | 10 | Under construction: 21+?% |
24 North section (Line 8 far northern extension) | Jiangfu – Guangzhou North Railway Station | 11.3 | 18 | Under construction
Expected to open in 2028 |
24 South section (Line 8 far northern extension branch) | Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall – Jiangfu | 20.0 | ||
Approved and awaiting construction[k] | ||||
Project | Terminals/Stations | Length km |
Stations | Status |
8 Eastern extension | Wanshengwei – Lianhua | 18.0 | 7 | Awaiting construction
(2028) |
18 Southern extension (Nanzhuzhong intercity Zhongshan to Zhuhai section) |
Xiangshan – Gongbei | - | - | Preliminary studies in progress
(2028) |
28 (Fosuiguan intercity) | Luzhou – Songshanhu | 113 | - | Preliminary studies in progress
(2028+) |
Long-term planning
The Guangzhou Urban Rail Transit Network Planning Scheme (2018-2035) (Chinese: 《广州市城市轨道交通线网规划方案》(2018—2035年)), which was approved by the Guangzhou Municipal Government in November 2020, shows that a total of 53 metro lines and 2,029 km are planned in Guangzhou. This round of line network planning is divided into three levels: high-speed metro, rapid metro, and regular-speed metro. Among them, there are 5 high-speed metro lines with 452 km in Guangzhou, 11 rapid metro lines with 607 km in Guangzhou, and 37 regular-speed metro lines with 970 km.[62][63]
- High-speed metro lines:
- 17 : Knowledge City – Luogang – Zini (→ Foshan)
- 18 : (Zhongshan / Zhuhai →) Shiliuchong – Huachengjie (→ Qingyuan)
- 22 : Airport North – Nansha Passenger Port (→ Dongguan)
- 28 : (Foshan →) Fangcun – Xintang (→ Dongguan)
- 28 spur line: Xintang – Guangzhou Huali College (→ Huizhou)
- 37 : Guangzhou East railway station – Liangkou (→ Xinfeng)
- Rapid metro lines:
- 3 : Airport North – Haiou Island
- 4 parallel express line: Pazhou – Jiaomen
- 7 : Shuixibei – Meidi Dadao
- 13 : Chaoyang – Xinsha
- 14 : Guangzhou railway station – Dongfeng
- 16 : Xintang – Lichengbei
- 21 : Tianhe Park – Guangzhou Huali College
- 24 : Guangzhou North railway station – Lijiao
- 25 : Longxi – Huangpu Passenger Port
- 26 : Taihe – Lanhe (→ Foshan)
- 27 : Xinhe – Jiangnan (→ Dongguan)
- 29 : Huangpu railway station – Huadu Square
- Regular-speed metro lines:
- 1 : Xilang – Guangzhou East railway station
- 2 : Jiahewanggang – Guangzhou South railway station
- 4 : Huangcun – Nansha Passenger Port
- 5 : Jiaokou – Huangpu Passenger Port
- 6 : Xunfenggang – Guangzhou Middle School
- 8 : Jiangfu – Haibang
- 9 : Tanzhonglu – Gaozeng
- 10 : Gaotangshi – Guanggang New Town (→ Foshan)
- 11 : Guangzhou railway station – Pazhou – Guangzhou railway station
- Regular-speed metro lines (continued):
- 12 : Xunfenggang – Higher Education Mega Center South
- 12 spur line: Higher Education Mega Center North – Chenbian
- 15 : Jiaomen – Nansha Passenger Port – Jiaomen
- 19 : Huangpu railway station – Nanpuxi (→ Foshan)
- 20 : Lingnan Square – Jiangnan
- 23 : Chishajiao – Xintang Dadao
- 30 : Guangzhoudadaobei – Education Park
- 31 : Dongchong Town – Nansha Wetland Park
- 32 : Nanguolu – Information Technology Park
- 33 : Ronggui Railway Station – Qingshengdong
- 34 : (Foshan →) Huangjinwei – Toubei
- 35 : Dongjing – Huadong Coach Terminal
- 36 : Fengcun – Baishantang
- 38 : Lianxidadao – Shiliuchong
- 39 : Jiahewanggang – Datian
- 40 : Shihua – Changping
- 40 spur line: Yonghe – Lihu
- 41 : Bicun – Fangshi
- 42 : Aotou – Conghua Coach Terminal
- 43 : Nanjiao – GAC Base
- Foshan 2 : (Foshan →) Guangzhou South Railway Station
- Foshan 4 : (Foshan →) Xingyedadao
- Foshan 5 : (Foshan →) Guangzhou Railway Station
- Foshan 6 : (Foshan →) Baiyun Dongping
- Foshan 7 : (Foshan →) Longxi
- Foshan 8 : (Foshan →) Fangcun
- Foshan 11 : (Foshan →) Hedongdong
- Dongguan 1 : Huangpu Passenger Port (→ Dongguan)
- Dongguan 4 : Zengcheng Railway Station (→ Dongguan)
- Dongguan 13 : Shiqi (→ Dongguan)
Connections to neighboring cities
The Guangzhou Metro is actively constructing connections to neighboring cities. Foshan is already connected via the Guangfo Metro with connections via Line 7 and Foshan Metro Line 2 is now opened. Dongguan city is proposing connections with Guangzhou Metro Line 13 and the Dongguan Metro.[64] Neighboring Huizhou city proposed in 2016 that Guangzhou Metro Line 16 be extended into Longmen County, achieving the integration of Huizhou and Guangzhou. In January 2018, Huizhou's mayor Mai Jiaomeng revealed that Huizhou was studying two connections with the Guangzhou Metro with Line 16 heading to Yonghan Town, Longmen County and Line 21 extended to Mount Luofu in Boluo County.[65][66] In 2018, Guangzhou is studying the feasibility of extending Line 18 south into Zhongshan[67] and north into Qingyuan.[68]
- Guangzhou–Foshan metro connections
# | Guangzhou Metro | FMetro | Status |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Guangfo Metro | In operation | |
2 | Line 2
Line 22 |
Line 2 | In operation |
3 | Line 7 | Line 3
Line 10 Line 11 |
Partially in operation (Line 3 only) |
4 | 10 | 6 | Planned |
5 | 17 | 7 | Planned |
6 | Extension of Line 12 (Guangzhou Metro) from Chatou to Lishui | Planned | |
7 | Extension of Line 19 (Guangzhou Metro) to Suiyan Lu | Planned |
Fares and tickets
Fares
Fares of Guangzhou Metro currently range from ¥2 (a couple of stations) to ¥22 (the longest journeys). A journey shorter than 4 km costs ¥2; ¥1 is charged for every 4 km after 4 km, every 6 km after 12 km, and every 8 km after 24 km.[69] Between 30 October 2010 and 30 October 2011, an additional, undiscountable ¥5 fee was charged for any journey to or from Airport South. Collection of such a fee was approved for one year in July 2010 and expired without extension.[70][71] The fare for the longest possible journey to the exiting station will be charged if a journey exceeds four hours. Passengers may carry luggage below weight and size limits at no cost or a ¥2 surcharge.[72]
Current ticket types
Single journey ticket
Single journey tickets can be bought at a kiosk at every station or at the automatic ticket vending machines. The ticket itself is a contactless
Yang Cheng Tong and Lingnan Pass
Yang Cheng Tong offers discounts for rides on buses and the metro. Within each month, bus and metro rides combined, a 5% discount is available for the first 15 journeys and a 40% discount for all journeys beyond. Full-time students enrolled in primary, secondary, and vocational schools can apply for student passes, which allow them bus and metro rides at half price. Senior citizens can also obtain special passes. Half price is charged for seniors aged 60–64. Seniors aged 65 and above as well as people with major disabilities ride free of charge.[73][74]
Yang Cheng Tong was rebranded in November 2010 as a type of Lingnan Pass (Chinese: 岭南通), a new transport card that is valid in multiple cities across the Pearl River Delta.[75] Lingnan Pass cards issued in Guangzhou are named Lingnan Pass·Yang Cheng Tong. Existing cards were automatically upgraded and need not be replaced.[76]
Day pass
Guangzhou Metro introduced day passes on 1 January 2013. A day pass holder can travel an unlimited number of times in the metro system during a limited period of validity starting from the first use. Two variants are currently available:
- One-day pass: ¥20 each and valid for 24 hours
- Three-day pass: ¥50 each and valid for 72 hours
Day passes are not rechargeable. They can be fully refunded until the first use, at which time they become nonrefundable. Used passes are not reclaimed, although they can be voluntarily recycled at drop boxes in the stations.
The passes are decorated with illustrations of the
Discontinued ticket types
Guangzhou Metro discontinued the following ticket types in favor of Yang Cheng Tong.
Stored value ticket
Stored value tickets were very similar to Yang Cheng Tong. Stored value tickets are not on sale anymore, but they will be presented as souvenirs to VIPs at the activities of the subway company and can have a 5% discount on fares.
Monthly pass
Monthly passes were introduced on 1 November 2008 and abolished on 1 May 2010.[78][79] There were three types of monthly pass:
- ¥55 monthly pass for 20 single journeys
- ¥88 monthly pass for 35 single journeys
- ¥115 monthly pass for 50 single journeys
Each journey could travel from one station to any other station regardless of distance. A monthly pass was valid within a calendar month, not the one-month period from the first day it was used. Unused journeys in a month could not be rolled over to a pass for the following month.
Student pass and senior citizen pass
Both were issued by the metro company and used on metro only, allowing the holders to travel free or at half price.
Power supply
Most Guangzhou Metro lines in operation are powered by
Controversies
Free rides for relatives of metro employees
Starting from 1997 (Guangzhou Metro) implemented a policy that allowed free rides for, in addition to its employees, their relatives. The policy was exposed to the public after its validity was questioned at a hearing on metro fares in December 2005.[80] At first, it was reported that up to three lineal kins of each metro employee were allowed free access to the metro. Based on Guangzhou Metro having about 6,000 employees at the time, participants of the hearing estimated that up to 18,000 relatives of metro employees could ride free at an approximate cost of ¥13 million per year.[80][81]
In response to questions on the policy raised at the hearing, Lu Guanglin, then-General Manager of Guangzhou Metro, claimed that relatives of employees with free access would volunteer as security personnel of the metro. He cited
Following its publicity, the policy sparked widespread criticism.[80][81] A Nanfang Daily editorial criticised the policy as Guangzhou Metro exploiting public resources to its own interests. It also questioned the competence of relatives of metro employees in counter-terrorism. It further argued that if Guangzhou Metro indeed needed voluntary security personnel, it could have recruited them openly from the public.[82] Such criticism was echoed by hearing participants as well as members of the Municipal People's Congress of Guangzhou.[83] Guangzhou Metro officially abandoned the policy under pressure on 16 December 2005.[80]
Ridership under-prediction
The first lines that were constructed, such as Lines 1, 2, and 8, used high capacity 6 car A-type trains in anticipation to heavy ridership. This choice later proved invaluable in the densely populated Guangzhou with all three aforementioned lines today having a peak daily usage of over 1 million passengers each.
Initially the trains of Line 3 would only be three cars long and planned to gradually be extended into six car trains in the long-term future. This was in line with the conservative ridership projections at the time, with the Airport Section of Line 3 predicted in 2007 to have a long term peak demand of just over 20,000 pphpd by 2034.
As the controversy surrounding Line 3 unfolded the low capacity design of Line 6, another downscaled line, drew concentrated but late criticism from local media in July 2009.
The congestion following the openings of Lines 3 and 6 made a profound impact on the planning and design of metro lines in Guangzhou. Line 5 had an urgent revision during early construction to support longer six car trains but still using a low capacity L-type design. Lines 7 was originally also planned to use the same four car light metro design as Line 6 but was redesigned and constructed to use higher capacity six car B-type trains. Before the opening of Line 6, the mayor of Guangzhou Chen Jianhua publicly admitted that planning of Line 6 lacked foresight and ridership estimates were too conservative. He predicts the line would be very crowded upon opening. He promised to ensure that future lines will be designed to use trains that are six or more cars long.[99] Newer lines around the city center such as the under construction Line 11, Line 12 and in operation Line 13 will all use high capacity eight car A-type trains.
Quality inspection of Line 3 north extension
Exposure of quality issue
On 11 October 2010, news broke that the concrete structures of two connecting passages in the north extension of Line 3 between
The connecting passages were intended as connections between two metro tunnels for the maintenance crew and emergency escape corridors for passengers.
Alleged fraud attempts
According to the two technicians, BCBB rejected a negative inspection report and conspired with their employer company to produce a fraudulent positive report.[100] In response, both the inspection company and BCBB denied their involvement in any fraud attempts.[101] Su Zhenyu, a deputy manager of the Quality and Safety Division of Guangzhou Metro, admitted the quality issue with the connecting passages but maintained the innocence of Guangzhou Metro. According to him (Guangzhou Metro) never received the original inspection reports in 2009 and was unaware of the issue until it received them on 30 September 2010. Su blamed the incident on deceit by BCBB and declared the structures safe for train operation.[100] Su's comments were acknowledged by Guangzhou Metro.[101]
Reactions
According to Su (Guangzhou Metro) had launched an investigation into the incident and demanded remedial plans for fortifying the structures from the designer after its experts verified that the quality of the passage did not meet the design standard.[100] In its official response (Guangzhou Metro) claimed that it had been monitoring the connecting passages since they were completed in August 2009 and noticed no cracks, deformation or leaks. It also commissioned a re-inspection in September 2010 and obtained results comparable to previous ones. Evaluation by the designer of the connecting passages based on these results recognised their structures as safe. Previously in 2009, the designer also evaluated one of the two connecting passages as safe upon demand of BCBB with the standard for its compressive strength at the lowest permissible value of 25 MPa.[103]
In the wake of widespread media coverage, the Construction Commission of Guangzhou launched an investigation into the incident. The commission invited an independent expert group to inspect the connecting passages. The expert group reaffirmed that despite their quality was indeed below the design standard, the passages were safe for operation and needed not be strengthened or rebuilt. The commission also confirmed that BCBB violated regulations in concealing negative inspection reports from related parties.[104] The cause of weaker-than-standard concrete structures was blamed by deputy mayor Su Zequn on cement being mixed manually instead of using machinery due to space limitation at the construction site.[105]
The scheduled opening of the north extension of Line 3 on 30 October 2010 was eventually unaffected.
Universal free access in November 2010
In January 2010, then-mayor
The free rides policy prompted unprecedented enthusiasm from local residents on 1 November 2010, the first day it went into effect. The metro system carried 7.80 million rides, doubling the figure of an average day.[109] Ridership of the day exceeded the previous peak of 5.13 million on National Day 1 October 2010 by a significant margin and set a national record.[110] Metro traffic remained intense in the days that followed. The daily ridership record was refreshed twice on 3 and 5 November 2010, reaching 7.844 million; total ridership amounted to 38.77 million over the entire workweek.[111][112] Provisional flow control measures were put into force at all stations, but were utterly inadequate to contain traffic far beyond the design capacity of the metro system.[112] Trains were often crammed, and stations were filled with people queuing in swarms to take a free ride.[113] Guangzhou Metro estimated that when the Asian Games opened, daily ridership would surpass 8 million.[112]
Five days after the free rides policy came into force, local authorities decided to rescind the free public transit offer starting from 8 November 2010 and replace it with a cash subsidy program as they deemed the enormous public response a potential security threat to the Games.
Kangwang Lu sinkhole incident
Around 16:40 on 28 January 2013, in the immediate neighbourhood of the construction site of the Cultural Park Station of Line 6 on Kangwang Lu (Chinese: 康王路), a sinkhole of approximately 100 m2 in area and 10 m in depth collapsed, consuming several houses and trees.[116] Six collapses occurred within 40 minutes. Two more collapses occurred later at 21:45, when workers were pouring concrete into the sinkhole. Nearby roads were immediately closed for emergency engineering.[117] The affected section of Kangwang Lu remained closed until the Spring Festival holidays and was closed for a second time on 12 February due to discovery of additional risks.[118]
There were no casualties in the incident because metro construction workers detected geological anomalies 20 minutes before the initial collapse and promptly evacuated the neighbourhood.[117] The sinkhole caused disruptions to electricity, gas and water supplies and drainage pipelines. Preliminary analysis blamed the incident on inaccurate geological drawings used for underground blast operations.[119][120] In total, 412 households, 103 businesses and 69 warehouses were evacuated, and 257 residents were relocated.[121] Guangzhou Metro offered provisional compensations that amounted to ¥50,000 for each collapsed business and ¥2600 for each resident of the collapsed houses, among other compensations.[120]
Overseas Business
On February 25, 2020, the Guangzhou Metro Group and the Punjab Provincial Public Transport Authority of Pakistan signed a service contract for the operation and maintenance of the Orange Line of the Lahore Metro in Pakistan. The bid-winning consortium will undertake the operation and maintenance of the Lahore Metro Orange Line for 8 years.
See also
- List of Guangzhou Metro lines & stations
- Foshan Metro (FMetro)
- Dongguan Rail Transit
- List of rapid transit systems
- Metro systems by annual passenger rides
Notes
- ^ Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 7, Line 8, Line 9, Line 13 and Guangfo Line
- ^ Line 18 and Line 22
- ^ Line 4, Line 5, Line 6, Line 14 and Line 21. Overhead lines with same voltage used in the depots.
- ^ APM Line
- ^ 271 stations if interchange stations are counted once. Nonoperational stations are not included.
- ^ The original text was "一个城市,没有地铁就没有现代化!".[8]
- ^ The State Planning Commission has since evolved into the National Development and Reform Commission.
- Changchun AdtranzRailway Vehicles, a Sino-German joint venture. Bombardier assumed Adtranz's position after acquiring the latter soon after the deal with Guangzhou Metro was signed.
- ^ As of February 2024.
- ^ The Shipaiqiao – Tianhe Coach Terminal section currently operates as part of Line 3.
- ^ All construction plans are subject to approval by national authorities. A line is considered "approved" in this table if the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has greenlighted establishment of its construction project. For actual construction to start, the project must obtain follow-up approvals including the NDRC's endorsement of its feasibility study. The construction plan may not stabilise until construction starts. For this reason, discrepancies exist among certain references due to evolution of construction plans and inaccuracies in news reports. In general, more recent reports take priority over older ones.
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- ^ a b 已塌档口每户临时补贴5万元 [Collapsed businesses to receive ¥50,000 in provisional compensation]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 31 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ 30日康王路塌陷事件进展 [30 January status report of Kangwang Lu sinkhole incident] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
Bibliography
- Yu Dingyu (2006). ISBN 7-5360-4829-7. Archived from the originalon 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010.