Hakka Americans
客家美國人 hak-kâ mî-koet-ngìn | |
---|---|
Total population | |
20,000+ (Taiwan) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Taiwanese American |
Hakka Americans (客家美國人 or 客裔美國人
Countries of Origin
Taiwan
The first wave of Taiwanese migration to the United States involved mostly post-World War II immigrants from the area now ruled by China (Waishengren), most of whom were not Hakka. Later, the other Taiwanese people, whose ancestors arrived in Taiwan before 1945, including many Hakkas, started immigrating in larger numbers after the 1960s.[4]
It is estimated that there are currently over 20,000 Taiwanese Hakka in the United States.[5]
Mainland China
Some Hakka Americans came from Meizhou (also called Kaying or Jiaying), Guangdong, China, or otherwise have ancestral roots in that area.[2]
A small number of Hakka came to the continental US before the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. Some Hakka also went to Hawaii, where they consisted a significant minority of the population.
Jamaica
During the 1960s and 1970s, substantial migration of Jamaican Hakkas to the US and Canada occurred.
Distribution in the US
Hawaii
A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to
Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen lived in Hawaii for several years during his youth.
Organizations
Many organizations have been formed to promote Hakka culture in the US. One group is the New England Hakka Association, which reminds its members not to forget their roots. One example is a blog by Ying Han Brach called "Searching for My Hakka Roots".[13] Another group is the Hakka Association of New York, which aims to promote Hakka culture across the five boroughs of New York City.[14] In the mid 1970s, the Hakka Benevolent Association in San Francisco (San Francisco Jiaying Association[2]) was founded by Tu Chung. The association has strong ties with the San Francisco community and offers scholarships to their young members. The most prominent association in Hawaii is the Tsung Tsin Association (崇正會), which was founded in Honolulu in 1918 under the name Nin Fo Fui Kon (人和會館).[15] It provides scholarships to US citizens in Hawaii that are preferably of Hakka background and/or interested in the Hakka culture.[16]
Languages
The American Community Survey reported that 1,350 people in the United States speak Hakka at home.[17] The actual number may be much higher because some respondents just filled out their response as "Chinese". Some Hakka Americans speak Mandarin Chinese or Cantonese instead.
Cuisine
There are some restaurants in the U.S. serving Hakka cuisine.[18] American food writer Linda Lau Anusasananan wrote a popular Hakka cookbook simply titled, The Hakka Cookbook (University of California Press, 2014).[19][20][21]
Notable people
References
- ^ "海外客家文化繼承的課題 訪美有感". Hakka Affairs Council, Taiwan. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "American and French Hakka Returned to Hometown for Investigation". Mezhou Government, Guangdong, China. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
- ^ "A Small Chinese Minority Group Finds a Home in DC | Asian Fortune". asianfortunenews.com. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Lai, Him Mark. Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. p. 243
- ^ Lai, Him Mark. Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. p. 245.
- ^ Hakka Chinese Jamaican - History Archived May 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Global Hakka p. 196
- ^ Global Hakka p. 166
- ISBN 9780824807061. [page needed]
- ISBN 9780313225932. [page needed]
- ^ Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-century America, Paul R. Spickard [page needed]
- ^ Kiang, Clyde. THE HAKKA ODYSSEY & THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND. [page needed]
- ^ Ying Han Brach (20 January 2013). "Searching For My Hakka Roots". Myhakka. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ "Hakka, Hakka Cultural Customs, Hakka Heritages - Hakka Association of NY inc. - New York, Ny". hakkany.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Lu, Ping-Fang (2015). 美國夏威夷檀香山臺灣客家移民社群之建構 [The Construction of Taiwanese Hakka Community in Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.] (Doctor). Department of History, National Chung Hsing University.
- ^ "Tsung Tsin Association". Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "How many people speak what languages in the United States?". names.mongabay.com. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Duggan, Tara (7 November 2012). "Hakka Restaurant has affordable quality". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ Amanda Gold (12 October 2012). "The Hakka Cookbook: Chinese soul food". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ Mark Bittman (19 May 2013). "The Nomad's Kitchen". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ Jennifer Bain (6 July 2012). "Hakka cookbook explores the cuisine of China's nomads - Toronto Star". thestar.com. Toronto Star. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ 中國婦女傳記詞典
Bibliography
- Leo, Jessieca (2015). Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking. Brill.