Fuzhounese Americans
Total population | |
---|---|
150,000 – 300,000 (2016) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Standard Mandarin, English | |
Religion | |
Buddhism, Taoism, Syncretism, Christianity, Confucianism, Atheism, etc |
Fuzhounese Americans, also known as Hokchew Americans or Fuzhou Americans or imprecisely Fujianese, are
Fuzhounese Americans helped develop the
Unlike other Chinese Americans and East Asian American groups, Fuzhounese Americans are almost completely concentrated in the U.S. Northeast. The vast majority live in New York City and on Long Island, but some also live in Middlesex and Morris counties in New Jersey; and in the Boston and Philadelphia metropolitan areas.
Immigration
After the lifting of emigration restriction in the 1980s, people began leaving the Fuzhou area. Illegal immigration from Fujian province peaked at around 8,000 per month in June 1992.
Businesses
Restaurants
Many
Through the 1990s, there was a trend of Chinese immigrants, especially of Fujian ancestry,[12] opening Japanese-style restaurants such as sushi restaurants on the East Coast. This has been attributed to overcompetition in the Chinese-style cuisine sector, and because of the higher price point at which the American public pays for Japanese-style cuisine.[13] In such establishments, there has emerged a tendency for the managers to be non-Fuzhounese, but the majority of the other staff to be Fuzhounese. This reflects a control strategy to balance two situations: the obligation to involve family in the operation of the business, and the prevention of collusion between the manager and the staff against the owner.[12]
Bus lines
A large proportion of these discount intercity bus services in the United States are operated by Fuzhounese Americans. Destinations include most major cities, especially those with Chinatowns, as well as casinos popular with Asian Americans.[14] Despite increased regulation and crackdowns in the early 2010s,[15] they have been credited for pioneering the curbside carrier model of intercity bus operation,[16] as well as having been touted as "an authentic urban experience" for travellers.[17]
Other
Many Fuzhounese people also work in the Chinatown
Locations
Hokchiu people in the U.S. are almost singularly concentrated in the New York metropolitan area, unlike other Chinese Americans and East Asian American groups. The number of Fuzhounese in New York City and nationwide is notably difficult to enumerate precisely, since as many as 50% of Fuzhounese immigrants are undocumented and may be reluctant to respond to census-takers.[11] One estimate put the number of Fuzhou people in New York City at over 70,000;[2] however, Einhorn in 1994 estimated that as many as 100,000 Fujianese were living in New York at the time, and that an additional 10,000 were arriving each year. Data from the 2005–2009 American Community Survey suggests there are around 1,450 Fuzhou speakers in the United States, although the number is likely to be far greater as most respondents simply wrote "Chinese".
New York City
Manhattan's Chinatown and Lower East Side
During the 1980s, growing numbers of Fuzhou immigrants started arriving into
Hokchiu people have founded business organizations such as the Fuzhou-American Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Shift to Brooklyn, Queens, and Nassau County
However, due to the gentrification situation of Manhattan's Chinatown since the 2000s, the Chinese population and businesses are declining and moving from the original Chinatown to newer Chinatowns in New York, and the Fuzhou immigrants are also part of this decline as well. Many of Chinese in Manhattan's Chinatown are relocating to the newer Chinese enclaves in Brooklyn, Queens, and Nassau County. However, the Fuzhous that are moving out are mostly relocating to Sunset Park, which now has the largest Fuzhou community in all of New York City, while the Cantonese are moving to Bensonhurst, Brooklyn's newer and growing Chinese enclaves, which are more primarily Cantonese populated.
Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown
Like Manhattan's Chinatown in the past, Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown was primarily Cantonese, but was much smaller and less developed unlike Manhattan's Chinatown, which already had been very large and developed. With the gentrification and lack of available apartment units in Manhattan's Chinatown that came in the 2000s, the growing Fuzhou population shifted to Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown to seek affordable housing and jobs. The shift of the Fuzhou immigration to Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown dramatically expanded the Chinese enclave so prominently that it is now overwhelmingly Fuzhou populated and has far surpassed the size of the Fuzhou enclave in Manhattan's Chinatown. In addition, the Brooklyn Sunset Park Chinatown has overall surpassed the size of Manhattan's Chinatown. Unlike in Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown, where the Fuzhou population has managed to dominate the whole enclave and still quickly growing, the Fuzhou enclave in Manhattan's Chinatown only managed to occupy the eastern portion while the western portion of Manhattan's Chinatown still remains primarily Cantonese.
Demographics
Political views
Compared to previous Chinese immigrants, Fuzhounese Americans tend to have a more favorable view of the
While the majority of the Fuzhou population in the US came directly from Fuzhou, some Fuzhounese Americans have also descended from Matsu, Fukien Province, R.O.C. and the Hokchiu (Foochowese) diaspora in Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia and Singapore.
"Left behind" children
Some Fuzhounese people give birth to children in the US, then send their young children back to their hometowns because they are unable to raise them and work at the same time.
Notable people
See also
- Little Fuzhou (小福州)
- Fuzhou Town (福州埠), Brooklyn (布鲁克林)
- Chinese emigration
- Golden Venture, ship that smuggled 286 undocumented immigrants from China (mostly Fuzhou people from Fujian province) that ran aground on the beach at Fort Tilden in Rockaway Beach in Queens in 1993
- Asian Americans in New York City
- Bangladeshis in New York City
- Chinese people in New York City
- Demographics of New York City
- Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area
- Indians in the New York City metropolitan region
- Japanese in New York City
- Koreans in New York City
- Russians in New York City
- Taiwanese people in New York City
- The Leavers, novel by Lisa Ko about undocumented immigrants from Fuzhou
References
- ^ 2005-2009 American Community Survey
- ^ a b "Fuzhounese in the New York Metro Area" (PDF). Unreachednewyork.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ a b "Voices of NY » » Fujianese Immigrants Fuel Growth, Changes". 30 June 2013. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "Left-behind American children in China". Offbeat China. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ a b Radden, Patrick (2008-04-09). "China's Great Migration: ""Little America"". Slate.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ Vivian Yee; Jeffrey E. Singer (2013-12-29). "The Death of a Family, and an American Dream". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ Chin, Ko-lin (1998). Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States.
- ^ From Fujian to New York: Understanding the New Chinese Immigration
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Zhao, Xiaojian. The New Chinese America : Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. p. 2010.
- ^ a b Kenneth J. Guest. "From Mott Street to East Broadway: Fuzhounese Immigrants and the Revitalization of New York's Chinatown" (PDF). Baruch.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ . Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- Washington Post. Archived from the originalon 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
- ^ Rutkoff, Aaron (June 14, 2010). "The Secret History of the Chinatown Bus". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ McGeehan, Patrick (31 May 2012). "Federal Officials Shut Down 26 Bus Operators". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-06-01. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Meyersohn, Nathaniel (17 December 2023). "Greyhound bus stops are valuable assets. Here's who's cashing in on them | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Klein, Ezra (30 January 2012). "Why we love Chinatown buses". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24.
- ^ Nierenberg, Amelia (24 December 2019). "Chinese Restaurants Are Closing. That's a Good Thing, the Owners Say". New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ISBN 9780814731543.
- ^ Zhao, Xiaojian. The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. Rutgers University Press. p. 114.
- ^ a b c Lai, H. Mark. Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions.
- ^ Liang, 1 Zai; Ye, Wenzhen (2001). From Fujian to New York: Understanding the New Chinese Immigration. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Zhao, Xiaojian. The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. Rutgers University Press. p. 115.
- ^ "Children in Need - Little Americans in Fuzhou". Childreninneedclub.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ Susan Sachs (2001-07-22). "FUJIAN, U.S.A.: A special report; Within Chinatown, a Slice of Another China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-06-07. Retrieved 2016-12-01.