Basque Americans

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Basque Americans
Euskal estatubatuarrak
Basque people
and other groups of the Basque diaspora

Basque Americans (

2000 US census
, there are 57,793 Americans of full or partial Basque descent.

Ties to early American history

Basque-American lauburu

Referring to the historical ties that existed between the

historical form of government. Adams, who on his tour of Europe visited Biscay
, was impressed. He cited the Basques as an example in A defense of the Constitution of the United States, as he wrote in 1786:

"In a research like this, after those people in Europe who have had the skill, courage, and fortune, to preserve a voice in the government, Biscay, in

Celtic extraction, they once inhabited some of the finest parts of the ancient Boetica; but their love of liberty, and unconquerable aversion to a foreign servitude, made them retire, when invaded and overpowered in their ancient feats, into these mountainous countries, called by the ancients Cantabria
..."

"...It is a republic; and one of the privileges they have most insisted on, is not to have a king: another was, that every new lord, at his accession, should come into the country in person, with one of his legs bare, and take an oath to preserve the privileges of the lordship".[2]

Authors such as Navascues, and the Basque-American

U.S. Constitution
. John Adams traveled in 1779 to Europe to study and compare the various forms of government then found on the Old Continent. The American Constitution was approved by the first thirteen states on 17 September 1787.

Migration and sheepherding

Population of Basques by state

Basque immigration peaked after the Spanish

Sierra Nevada mountain range of California. The current day descendants of Basque immigrants remain most notably in this area and across the Sierras into the neighboring area of northern Nevada, then northward, into Idaho. When the present-day states of California, Arizona and New Mexico were annexed by the United States after the Mexican–American War
(1848), there were reportedly thousands of Basques of Spanish or mixed Mexican origin living in the Pacific Northwest.

By the 1850s, there were some Basque sheepherders working in Cahuenga Valley (today

Inland Empire land rush reportedly attracted thousands of Basques from Spain, Mexico and Latin America
, but such reports do not bear out in a current census of Basque persons in the Southern United States, where Basque persons are exceptionally rare in U.S. census reporting. By the 1880s, Basque immigration had spread up into Oregon, Utah, Montana and Wyoming, with significantly lesser numbers reaching the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the southernmost region. By 1895, there were reportedly about ten thousand self-reporting Basque-Americans in the United States.

Basques who migrated to the United States versus South America faced a language barrier that took years and in some cases generations to overcome, which disadvantaged them, while Basques migrating to South America ended up having better outcomes more immediately.[3]

The current census figures demonstrated in the U.S. map on this page are remarkably low in comparison to these reports and the overall increase in the U.S. population since the 19th century. There has been a radical decrease in Basque immigration since that era, which has resulted in a significant decline in persons of Basque national or Spanish origin throughout the United States. Most of the self-reporting Basque persons remaining in the U.S. today are descendants of the original peak of Basque immigrants, who arrived between 200 and 100 years ago, typically reporting as multi-generational or great-great-grandchildren (1860 immigrants) as opposed to native-born persons of Basque ethnic identification and their subsequent immediate family, children, or grandchildren.

The degree to which one self-reports being "Basque" is a personal choice, often tied to an interest in one's heritage, whether one is the grandchild of a native-born Basque or of significantly mixed Native American (Mexican, South American, etc.), white European, or other racial admixture. There are significant numbers of Mexicans with Basque names, as many as one million self-reporting Mexicans of Basque racial or surname heritage today.

Thousands of Basques were recruited from Spain due to severe labor shortages during World War II. They came under contract with the Western Range Association between the 1940s until around 1970.[4] The Spanish Right of Return extends Spanish citizenship only to the grandchildren of Basque immigrants who were born in Spain and forced to flee during the Francoist uprising in the mid-1930s.

Basque clubs

There are nearly fifty such clubs in the United States, the oldest of which is the Central Vascoamericano (founded 1913), today

Washington, Connecticut, The District of Columbia and Wyoming. However, there is a significant Basque population in Arizona, Georgia, Montana, New Jersey, and Texas.[6] Basque-American clubs have connections with other Basques around the world (across Europe, Canada, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Puerto Rico, Chile, Argentina, Australia, South Africa and the Philippines
) to unite and consolidate a sense of identity in the global Basque diaspora.

Idahoan-Basques

Boise, Idaho

David H. Bieter, as well as Republican, J. David Navarro, the current Clerk, Auditor and Recorder of Ada County, the most populated county in Idaho. Mary Azcuenaga, an attorney who was appointed by Ronald Reagan to serve on the Federal Trade Commission, is a Basque-American born in Council, Idaho
.

Basques were initially drawn to Idaho by the discovery of

United States Census did not distinguish between Basques from other Spanish immigrants, though a majority of Spanish immigrants to Idaho likely self-identified as Basque.[9]

Since 1990, Boise and

Jose Bengoechea, Benito Arregui, John Echebarria, and Juan Yribar, were already settled and had property in the state.[10]

North American Basque organizations

Basque parade in Winnemucca, Nevada

In March 1973, a group of Basque-Americans met in

Basque history
. The group hoped to forge a federation and create a network within the larger Basque community of the United States. The Basques had never been united in either the Old Country nor in the New World. The Basque Country, or Euskal Herria, had never been "Zazpiak Bat" (Seven Territories Make One) representing a unified, self-conscious political community, it rather showed a political structure of a confederate nature—separate autonomous districts with a similar national, institutional and legal make-up. Euskal Herria often referred to just the local region.

This detachment of the Basques was reflected in the Basque communities of the United States. Basques of Biscayne descent in parts of Idaho and Nevada interacted little with the Basques of California, who were largely northern or "French Basques." When delegates from the Basque clubs of

Salt Lake City, Utah; and Ontario, Oregon
gathered together, they were well aware that there was little if any communication between the various Basque clubs of the American West. They were attempting to cross the divide—real and imagined—between Basque-Americans. Seventeen years later "French" Basques and "Spanish" Basques joined a federation to work together. Individual clubs set aside competition in an effort to preserve and promote their shared heritage.

The North American Basque Organizations, Inc., commonly referred to by its acronym N.A.B.O., is a service organization to member clubs that does not infringe on the autonomy of each. Its prime purpose is the preservation, protection, and promotion of the historical, cultural, and social interests of Basques in the United States. NABO's function is to sponsor activities and events beyond the scope of the individual clubs, and to promote exchanges between Basque-Americans and the Basque country.

Future of Basque culture in the US

The new generations exhibit the natural process of Americanization. In recent years there has been the resurgence of Basque language classes, facilitated by new courses via the Internet.

Population

The states with the largest Basque communities are:

  1. California: 17,598
  2. Idaho: 8,196
  3. Nevada: 5,056
  4. Oregon: 3,162
  5. Washington: 2,579
  6. Texas: 2,389
  7. Colorado: 2,216
  8. Florida: 1,653
  9. Utah: 1,579
  10. New York: 1,544
  11. Wyoming: 1,039

The urban areas with the largest Basque communities[7]

  1. Boise, ID
    : 3,573
  2. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA: 3,432
  3. Reno, NV-CA
    : 2,216
  4. San Francisco-Oakland, CA: 1,930
  5. New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT: 1,604
  6. Portland, OR-WA: 1,520
  7. Sacramento, CA: 1,155
  8. Seattle, WA
    : 1,082
  9. Bakersfield, CA: 1,078
  10. Nampa, Idaho, ID: 1,008
  11. Salt Lake City-West Valley City, UT: 978
  12. Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO: 957
  13. Phoenix-Mesa, AZ: 904
  14. San Diego, CA
    : 872
  15. Miami, FL
    : 841
  16. Las Vegas-Nevada, NV: 763
  17. Fresno, CA: 650
  18. San Jose, CA: 544

The top 25 U.S. communities with population claiming Basque ancestry[11]

  1. Winnemucca, NV
    4.2%
  2. Gooding, ID
    4.1%
  3. Battle Mountain, NV
    4.1%
  4. Elko, NV
    3.7%
  5. Shoshone, ID
    3.4%
  6. Cascade, ID
    3.2%
  7. Buffalo, WY
    2.6%
  8. Minden, NV
    2.2%
  9. Susanville, CA
    2.1%
  10. Hines, OR
    1.8%
  11. Gardnerville, NV
    1.7%
  12. Burns, OR
    1.7%
  13. Rupert, ID
    1.6%
  14. New Plymouth, ID
    1.5%
  15. Vale, OR
    1.4%
  16. Ontario, OR
    1.4%
  17. Fallon, NV
    1.3%
  18. Bellerose, NY
    1.3%
  19. Caldwell, ID
    1.3%
  20. Eagle, ID
    1.2%
  21. Homedale, ID
    1.2%
  22. Meridian, ID
    1.2%
  23. Oak Park, CA
    1.2%
  24. Palouse, WA
    1.1%
  25. Moss Beach, CA
    1.1%

Notable people

Lists of Americans
By US state
By ethnicity or nationality

The following is a list of notable Basque-Americans of either full or partial Basque descent:

In popular culture

In the 1975 Gunsmoke episode "Manolo", Robert Urich plays Manolo Etchahoun, a young man who is a member of a group of Basque immigrants who has to prove his manhood by fighting his father.

The Wyoming Basque community, including a depiction of a religious festival, is the focus of the third episode of season two of Longmire, "Death Came Like Thunder."[16]

Craig Johnson has a Basque deputy in his Walt Longmire series of books. There are frequent references to Basque culture throughout the series.

See also

  • Basques in Nevada
  • Basques in Oregon
  • Basques in California

References

  1. ^ "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY. 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  2. ^ "John Adams: Defence of the Constitutions: Vol. I, Letter IV". Constitution.org. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
  3. ISBN 978-0-87417-675-9.[page needed
    ]
  4. ^ "Las Rocosa Australian Shepherds". Lasrocosa.com. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
  5. ^ "Basque Club History". Basqueclub.com. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
  6. ^ "U.S. Basque Population".
  7. ^ a b "Urban Areas with Basque Communities". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  8. OCLC 54536757
    .
  9. OCLC 23178138
    .
  10. ^ "Basque Americans in the Columbia River Basin". Washington State University, Vancouver. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007.
  11. ^ "Ancestry Map of Basque Communities". Epodunk.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
  12. ^ a b "Basque Studies Debut" (March/April 2007) Stanford Magazine. Retrieved 05 June 2010.
  13. ^ Monica Madinabeitia, "Getting to Know Frank Bergon: The Legacy of the Basque Indarra," Journal of the Society of Basque Studies in America, 28 (2008)
  14. ^ "Basque to the Future". Boise Weekly. May 28, 2014.
  15. ^ "Andy Etchebarren – Society for American Baseball Research".
  16. ^ "Longmire: Season 2, Episode 3 : Death Came in Like Thunder (10 June 2013)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2015-09-20.

Further reading

  • Douglass, William A., and Jon Bilbao, eds. Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World (U of Nevada Press, 1975).
  • Douglass, William A., C. Urza, L. White and J. Zulaika, eds. The Basque Diaspora (Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno).
  • Etulain, Richard W., and Jeronima Echeverria, eds. Portraits of Basques in the New World (U of Nevada Press, 1999).
  • Lasagabaster, David. "Basque diaspora in the USA and language maintenance." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 29.1 (2008): 66–90. online
  • Río, David. Robert Laxalt: The Voice of the Basques in American Literature (Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007).
  • Saitua, Iker. Basque Immigrants and Nevada's Sheep Industry: Geopolitics and the Making of an Agricultural Workforce, 1880–1954 (2019) excerpt
  • Shostak, Elizabeth. "Basque Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 251–264. online
  • White, Linda, and Cameron Watson, eds. Amatxi, Amuma, Amona: Writings in Honor of Basque Women (Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, 2003).
  • Zubiri, Nancy. A Travel Guide to Basque America: Families, Feasts, and Festivals (2nd ed. U of Nevada Press, 2006).

External links

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