Chinatowns in the United States

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Chinatowns in the United States
BUC
Huà-pú
Chinatowns

Chinese diaspora on the West Coast. By 1875, Chinatowns had emerged in eastern cities such as New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred Chinese immigration to the United States, but the Magnuson Act
of 1943 repealed it, and the population of Chinatowns began to rise again.

Many historic Chinatowns have lost their status as ethnic Chinese enclaves due to

Chinatowns in New York City are some of the largest Chinese enclaves outside of Asia
.

History

Main article:
Chinese American history

The earliest Chinatowns in the United States were founded on the West Coast during the 19th century, spurred on by the

Hells Canyon Massacre. In 1882, US President Chester A. Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act
into law, which banned Chinese immigration into the United States.

The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed by the Magnuson Act in 1943, and Chinatown populations began to rise again.

Continuous demographic changes have drastically altered some Chinatowns. Large metropolitan areas such as New York City continue to see large-scale immigration from mainland China, while other Chinatowns are no longer the ethnic enclaves they once were.[5][6][7]

Demographics

Main article:
List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese American populations

Most Chinatowns started as enclaves of ethnic Chinese people, but many of these Chinatowns have experienced gentrification and demographic shifts. While some Chinatowns have retained their status as ethnic Chinese enclaves, many have lost that status. The cities with the ten highest Chinese-American populations, according to the 2015 American Community Survey, were as follows

  1. New York City (549,181)
  2. San Francisco (179,644)
  3. Los Angeles (County) (including San Gabriel Valley core cities and CDPs (225,543), and in Los Angeles (city)
    an additional 77,284)
  4. San Jose (72,141)
  5. Honolulu
    (53,119)
  6. Chicago (51,809)
  7. San Diego (40,033)
  8. Philadelphia (35,732)
  9. Oakland (33,818)
  10. Houston (32,968)

Arizona

Phoenix

Main article: Chinatown, Phoenix

The

Talking Stick Resort Arena
.

Mesa

In the early 2000s, a two-mile (3.2 km) stretch of Dobson Road in Mesa, one of Phoenix's southeastern suburbs, had developed with, as of March 2022, over 70 Asian-themed restaurants, grocery stores, and other businesses on Dobson Road.

Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
5km
3miles
none
4
3
Chinese Cultural Center, Phoenix (1997–2017)
2
1
Metro Phoenix Chinese/Asian areas
1
Chinatown (c. 1870-1890)
2
Chinatown (c. 1890-1950)
3
Chinese Cultural Center, Phoenix (1997–2017)
4
Mesa Asian district (c. 2000–present)

California

Given its relative proximity to East Asia and Southeast Asia, California has the most historical and present Chinatowns of any U.S. state.[12]

Eureka

A Chinatown was founded in Eureka in the 1880s. It spanned a block at Fourth and E streets.[13]

Fresno

Fresno has a near-downtown neighborhood officially called Chinatown. Though it had a vibrant Chinese community in the early 1900s, most of its Chinese businesses and architecture are gone.[14]

Greater Los Angeles Area

The entrance arch at the Los Angeles's Chinatown
Hilton Square in San Gabriel, California
Atlantic Times Square in Monterey Park, California

Los Angeles

Main articles: Chinatown, Los Angeles and Old Chinatown, Los Angeles

The present-day Chinatown in

Indochina-born immigrants after the Vietnam War
ended.

San Gabriel Valley

Main article:
Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley

The San Gabriel Valley in the eastern suburbs of

Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley.[15][16] The Chinese population in the neighborhood began to rise starting in 1977, when developer Frederic Hsieh bought up multiple properties in an effort to create what he described would be a "mecca for Chinese".[17] It is considered a "new Chinatown".[18] There are now approximately 15 local cities and communities with Chinese plurality: Alhambra, Arcadia, Diamond Bar, East San Gabriel, Hacienda Heights, Mayflower Village, Monterey Park, North El Monte, Rosemead, Rowland Heights, San Gabriel, San Marino, South San Gabriel, Temple City, Walnut
.

Irvine

Irvine is a suburban Chinatown in Orange County that is growing as more Chinese people move into the San Gabriel Valley. Many Chinese business establishments are situated in the El Camino Real and Walnut neighborhoods.[19][20]

Cerritos

Cerritos is a majority Asian city located on the border of Orange County and Los Angeles County. There are significant Chinese-owned and operated businesses along South Street that continue into the neighboring city of Artesia

Little Saigon

Main article: Little Saigon, Orange County

Little Saigon is a district located in north-central

Stanton, and Huntington Beach
.

Chino Hills

Chino Hills is a suburban city located on the border of Los Angeles County and San Bernardino County. It is growing as a continuation of the Chinese community in San Gabriel Valley and is known for its high-performing schools and clean environment.

Ventura

Ventura had a flourishing Chinese settlement in the early 1880s. The largest concentration of activity, known as China Alley, was across Main Street from the Mission San Buenaventura. China Alley was parallel with Main Street and extended east off Figueroa Street between Main and Santa Clara Streets.[21] The city council has designated the China Alley Historic Area a point of interest in the downtown business district.[22]

Hanford

Hanford has a historic Chinese alley for display and visitation to this day, which started off in the 1800s as a place of Chinese settlers. Two Chinese restaurants still exist in the area. China Alley was listed as one of the 11 most endangered historic places in America in 2011.[23]

Locke

Main article: Locke, California

The Sacramento River delta town of Locke was built in 1915 as a distinct rural Chinese enclave. A thriving agricultural community in the early 20th century, it is no longer predominantly Chinese. A historic district of 50 wood-frame buildings along Main Street, Key Street and River Road was designated a historic district in 1990.[24]

Sacramento

Main article:
Chinatown, Sacramento
Paifang at Sacramento's Chinatown Mall

Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s, China was at war with Great Britain and France in the

Sacramento
(then the second-largest city in California), which is known as "Yee Fow" (Second City). Many of these immigrants came in hopes for a better life as well as the possibility of finding gold in the foothills east of Sacramento.

Sacramento's Chinatown was located on I Street from Second to Sixth Streets. At the time, this area of I Street was considered a health hazard because it was located in a levee zone and was lower than other parts of the city. Throughout the history of Sacramento's Chinatown, there were fires, acts of discrimination, and prejudicial legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act.[25] Ordinances on what was viable building material were set into place to try to prevent Chinese settlement. Newspapers wrote stories that portrayed the Chinese in an unfavorable light to inspire ethnic discrimination and drive the Chinese away. As the years passed, a railroad was built through parts of the Chinatown. While the east side of the country fought for higher wages and fewer working hours, many cities in the western United States wanted the Chinese out, believing that they were stealing jobs from the white working class.[when?]

Salinas

In the 1880s, farm labor in Salinas was performed by many Chinese immigrants. Salinas had the second largest Chinatown in the state, slightly smaller than San Francisco.[26]

San Diego

Main article: Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District

Gaslamp Quarter the Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District
. The annual San Diego Chinese New Year Food and Cultural Faire is held in this district, and the San Diego Chinese Heritage Museum is located there.

San Francisco Bay Area

San Francisco

Main article: Chinatown, San Francisco
Distinctive Chinese-style architecture characterizes the streets of San Francisco's historic Chinatown, one of the oldest and largest in the United States.
Dragon Gate, a paifang at San Francisco's Chinatown

The first and one of the largest, most prominent, and highly visited Chinatowns in the Americas is

Alcatraz and Golden Gate Bridge, one of the prime attractions and highlights of the city of San Francisco
, as well as the centerpiece of Chinese-American history.

Besides the main north–south thoroughfares of Grant Avenue and Stockton Street, connected by several intersecting side streets, Chinatown has many small alleys, including Ross Alley. Contained within this alley is a mix of touristy stores, a tiny barbershop, and a fortune cookie factory. Ross Alley used to have brothels, but they no longer exist. Also within the confines of Chinatown is the Woh Hei Yuen Recreation Center and Park on Powell Street. The Tin How Temple (Queen of Heaven and Goddess of the Seven Seas) on Waverly Place, which was founded in 1852, is the oldest Chinese temple in the United States.

The San Francisco Chinatown hosts the largest Chinese New Year parade in the Americas, with corporate sponsors such as the Bank of America and the award-winning and widely praised dragon dance team from the San Francisco Police Department, composed solely of Chinese-American SFPD officers (the only such team in existence in the United States). As Chinatown and many Chinese-Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area have historical or current roots in the province of Guangdong, China (particularly Taishan County) and in Hong Kong, these dances are mostly performed in the southern Chinese style. San Francisco's Chinatown is also the birthplace of chop suey and many other dishes of American Chinese cuisine.

With its Chinatown as the landmark, the city of San Francisco itself has one of the largest and predominant concentrations of Chinese-American population centers, representing 20% of total population as of the

2000 Census, Though Chinatown remains the cultural and symbolic anchor of the Bay Area Chinese community, increasing numbers of Chinese-Americans do not live there, instead residing in Chinese enclaves in the Richmond and Sunset districts
, or elsewhere in the Bay Area.

Oakland

Main article:
Chinatown, Oakland
Chinatown, Oakland

Originally formed in the 1860s, the Chinatown of

Oakland – centering upon 8th Street and Webster Street – shares a long history as its counterpart in the city of San Francisco as Oakland's community remains one of the focal points of Chinese American heritage in the San Francisco Bay Area. Oakland's Chinatown relies less on tourism than the Chinatown in San Francisco, although the local government has promoted it as such as it is considered one of the top sources of sales tax revenue for the city. The Chinatown does not have an ornamental entrance arch (paifang
) but the streets of the community are adorned with bilingual road signs in English and Chinese.

Today, while it remains a Cantonese-speaking enclave, it is not exclusively Chinese anymore, but more of a pan-Asian neighborhood which reflects Oakland's diversity of Asian communities, including Chinese,

Mien, Thai
, and others. In addition to the standard Chinese New Year festivities, the Oakland Chinatown Streetfest (held by the Oakland Chinatown Chamber of Commerce) is held yearly in August and features Chinese lion dances, parades, music, cooking demonstrations and contests, a food festival, and various activities.

Daly City, Peninsula

Daly City as well as the

Millbrae
southward both have Chinese populations above 15%.

Napa

Napa had a Chinatown that was established in the mid-1800s, located on First Street. It had 300 residents. Many of its residents provided manual labor in the area.[28]

San Jose area

Main article:
Chinatown, San Jose, California

San Jose was home to five Chinatowns that existed until the 1930s.[29] The initial Chinatowns in San Jose were frequently burned down by arson.[30] Another Chinatown was excavated during an urban renewal project to build the Fairmont Hotel and Silicon Valley Financial Center on Market and San Fernando Streets.[31] This Chinatown was also known as the "Plaza Street Chinatown", which grew rapidly from the 1860s to the 1870s and was home to "several hundred Chinese". The area was subject to racial tensions, as white residents often complained to the city council that it was "bothersome". By 1870, the area was burned to the ground and many Chinese were evicted from the area as the anti-Chinese public sentiment grew.[32]

Later in history, John Heinlen, a farmer and businessman, planned a six block Chinatown with brick structures with water and pipes in the area of Sixth Street and Cleveland Street in 1887, to the dismay of the non-Chinese public. The area was then known as "

Japantown
nearby was evacuated due to the war, but was repopulated after the internment of the Japanese-Americans.

Sunnyvale, and Santa Clara
have large Chinese populations.

San Luis Obispo

San Luis Obispo had a Chinatown beginning in the 1870s.

Santa Rosa

There was a Chinatown in

Santa Rosa, present in the early 1900s, and was removed afterward. It was located on Second and Third Streets, near Santa Rosa Avenue, in downtown Santa Rosa. The district had around 200 residents.[34][35]

Stockton

Stockton, California is home to a small Chinatown on Chung Wah Lane, East Market Street and East Washington Street. It briefly became the largest Chinatown in California in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake as many displaced Chinese residents fled to Stockton.[36]

On Lock Sam, the city's oldest restaurant was founded in 1898. The community was once quite large but, after development in the 1950s and 1960s and the construction of the Crosstown freeway, businesses moved, buildings were demolished, new buildings were built, and the community changed forever. There is still a Chinese New Year Parade merged with the Vietnamese New Year celebrations.[37][38]

Colorado

Denver

Main article: Chinatown, Denver

Chinatown in

southern China named "John" dated June 29, 1869, as documented by the Colorado Tribune.[40] It was also referred to as "Hop Alley", but was torn apart by riots in the 1880s.[41][42]

Connecticut

Norwich and Montville

Main article: Montville, Connecticut

After the

Manhattan's Chinatown, many Chinese Americans relocated to Montville and Norwich in Connecticut to work in the newly-opened Mohegan Sun casino, creating an unofficial suburban Chinatown. The influx of new residents led to some tensions with the existing population.[43][44]

District of Columbia

Main article: Chinatown, Washington, D.C.

Chinatown in

Gallery Place-Chinatown station of the Washington Metro.[45]

Georgia

Atlanta area

Atlanta has remnants of historic Chinese district, and a large Chinese and other Asian, especially Korean, population resides in Alpharetta and Johns Creek. Atlanta also has a Chinatown which is a shopping mall.[46]

Hawaii

Honolulu

The Wo Fat Building in the Chinatown district of Honolulu.
Main article: Chinatown, Honolulu

The official historical and current Chinatown of

Guangdong Province. They migrated to Hawaii for work on the islands' sugarcane plantations and rice fields, and many became successful merchants and relocated to the city of Honolulu. As with many other Chinatowns in the United States, it was noted for its unsanitary conditions throughout the 19th century, including an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1899.[47] For a period after the 1940s, it degenerated into a red-light district.[48]

Today, it is a diverse neighborhood with many East Asian and

Chinese porcelain shop, and shops specializing in ginseng herbal remedies. There are often bazaars and street peddlers in the Kekaulike Market located on Kekaulike Street. A variety of restaurants serving Hong Kong-style dim sum and Vietnamese beef noodle soup
are common.

Chinese revolutionary

Qing Dynasty in China that culminated in the Revolution of 1911. There is a monument to Sun in Honolulu's Chinatown, and the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park is named in his honor.[49]

Idaho

Boise

Main article:
Chinatown, Boise

The historical Chinatown of Boise, Idaho existed around the 1870s to 1960s. It was located along Idaho Street, and east from 8th Street along Front Street and Grove Street.[50]

Illinois

Chicago

Chicago's Chinatown
Main article: Chinatown, Chicago

The Chinatown in

Double Ten Day
Parade are both held in Chinatown.

Louisiana

New Orleans

Former On Leong Merchant Association Building, 530 Bourbon Street, New Orleans, Louisiana
Main article: Chinatown, New Orleans

New Orleans, in search of higher pay and better working conditions. They were followed by Chinese merchants from California and other states, who supplied the laborers, imported tea and other luxury goods to the Port of Orleans, and exported cotton and dried shrimp to China.[52]

By the 1880s, these merchants had developed a small Chinatown on the 1100 block of

On Leong Merchants Association still remains on 530 Bourbon Street.[54]

Maine

Portland

Main article:
Chinatown, Portland, Maine

A Chinatown in Portland, Maine once existed around Monument Square and along Congress Street. The first Chinese person arrived in 1858, with the Chinatown forming around 1916 and lasting until around 1953. Portland's Chinatown existed modestly, with most Chinese being isolated due to discrimination and the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. By 1895, there were enough Chinese people that a Chinese community began to form, though mostly with men whose wives were prohibited from migration by the newly created law. The community celebrated their first Chinese New Year that year. By 1920, around 30 Chinese laundries existed in the city. In 1903, a union formed to fix prices for laundromats and consisted of around 100 people who owned the laundries. By around the 1950s, the Chinese community had shrunk to the point that Chinatown almost ceased to exist. By 1997, the last laundry was demolished, wiping out the last remaining vestige of Chinatown.[55] Most Chinese men who lived in Chinatown attended a Chinese American church, with some going to China as missionaries.[56]

Maryland

Baltimore

The On Leong Building in Baltimore's Chinatown
Main article: Chinatown, Baltimore

Park Avenue, which was dominated by laundries and restaurants. The Chinese population never exceeded its peak of 400 in 1941. During segregation, Chinese children were classified as "white" and went to the white schools. Though Chinatown was mostly spared from the riots of the 1960s, most of the Chinese residents moved to the suburbs.[58] As of 2009, the area still shows signs of blight and does not have a Chinese arch.[59]

Rockville, Potomac, and North Potomac

Main article: Rockville, Maryland

Rockville, Potomac, and North Potomac are home to some of the largest Chinese communities in Maryland. At the 2000 census, 14.5% of North Potomac's residents were of Chinese ancestry, making it the area with the highest percentage of Chinese ancestry outside of California and Hawaii.[citation needed] North Potomac and Potomac, which are largely residential and consist of suburban subdivisions, have the highest concentration of Asian population in Maryland. Rockville, the county seat of Montgomery County, has become the center for Chinese and Taiwanese businesses along Rockville Pike and Wisconsin Avenue. Rockville is considered to be a "Little Taipei" due to the area's high concentration of Taiwanese immigrants.[citation needed]

Rockville's Chinatown runs along

Washington, D.C., Chinatown,[60] and it grew in the aftermath of the riots of 1968, when many Chinese people moved to the suburbs of Maryland and Virginia.[61] As of 2006, close to 30,000 people of Chinese descent lived in Montgomery County, most of whom were drawn to the good schools, and it was home to at least three Chinese newspapers.[62] It is known for its authentic Chinese food.[63]

The Chinese New Year parade is held in the Rockville Town Square.[64]

Massachusetts

See also: Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts § Chinese

Boston

Main article: Chinatown, Boston
Paifang gate to Chinatown, Boston, one of the largest Chinatowns in the United States.

The sole established Chinatown of

Chinese, Japanese, Cambodian, and Vietnamese
restaurants and markets in one of the largest Chinatowns in the United States.

In the pre-Chinatown era, the area was settled in succession by

High-rise luxury residential towers are built in the neighborhood, which was previously overwhelmingly three-, four-, and five-story small apartment buildings intermixed with retail and light-industrial spaces.[65][66]

Michigan

Detroit

Main article: Chinatown, Detroit

Vincent Chin case, only one Chinese American establishment still operates within the borders of the city of Detroit. The Association of Chinese Americans Detroit Outreach Center,[69] a small community center, serves a handful of new Chinese immigrants who still reside in the Cass Corridor. As of 2023, revitalization efforts have been under way for a revival of Detroit's Chinatown.[70]

Missouri

St. Louis

Main article: Chinatown, St. Louis

A Chinatown existed in

opium dens.[77] Between 1958 and the mid-1960s, Chinatown was condemned and demolished for urban renewal and to make space for Busch Memorial Stadium.[72]

Montana

Mai Wah Society Building in Butte, Montana

The history of the Chinese in Montana closely ties with the building of the

Northern Pacific Railroad in the 1860s in many cities and towns, including Butte, Big Timber, and other places. Today, one of the few reminders of Chinese society in Montana is the Chinese New Year parade that is held at the Mai Wah Museum in Butte.[78]

Big Timber

A Chinatown existed in Big Timber from the 1880s until the 1930s, when the last Chinese residents left to go to larger Chinese settlements in California or back to China. It was located on the block bounded by Anderson, First, Mcleod, and Front streets.[79][80][81][82]

Butte

Due to the mining boom in Butte, many Chinese workers moved in and set up businesses that led to the creation of a Chinatown in the late nineteenth century. There was anti-Chinese sentiment in the 1870s and onwards due to racism on the part of the white settlers, exacerbated by economic depression, and in 1895, the chamber of commerce and labor unions started a boycott of Chinese owned businesses. The business owners fought back by suing the unions and winning. The decline of Butte's Chinatown started in 1895 and continued until only 92 Chinese people remained by 1940 in the entire city. After that, the influence the Chinese had on the area was largely gone as they moved out one by one.[83] The history of the Chinese in Butte and throughout the mountain states is documented in the Mai Wah Museum.

Cedar Creek

Cedar Creek (Superior, MT) was home to a Chinese population, according to artifacts unearthed in a 2007 excavation.[84]

Helena

better source needed] It had completely vanished by the 1970s. Due to some efforts to preserve the historical aspects of the buildings, the area was spared from complete demolition, and is fixed up as part of the museum.[86] According to the 1880 US Census, Helena's Chinatown had a Chinese population of 1,765, of which 359 of them were living in the metropolitan area. At that time, this Chinatown was the largest in the state of Montana.[87]

Nebraska

Omaha

A sketch entitled "Chinese Coolies Crossing the Missouri River," by journalist, artist and later attorney Leavitt Burnham. These scene shows Omaha in the 1880s in the background.

The Chinese community in

Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition in Omaha, the US Census found 93 Chinese people lived in Omaha in 1900.[89] In 1916, the newspaper reported 150 Chinese residents in Omaha, when the local On Leong Tong opened.[90]

Nevada

Carson City, Reno, and Virginia City

The city of Carson City, Nevada was once home to a Chinese community of 789 residents. The Chinatown was located near the State Capitol buildings on Third Street between 1855 until 1908, when Chinatown burned to the ground. In 1880, one in five people living in Carson City was Chinese, but by 1950 the Chinese population was close to zero.[91] Other cities in Nevada, such as Virginia City and Reno, also had well-established Chinatowns.[92] Reno's Chinatown was burned down in 1878 by the Reno Workingmans Party.[93]

Las Vegas

Las Vegas is currently home to the largest Asian population in the state of Nevada. Chinatown begins on Spring Mountain Road and Procyon Street and extends for 2 miles to Jones Street. There is also a growing presence of Asian restaurants and markets along South Rainbow Boulevard.[citation needed]

Winnemucca

The city of Winnemucca, Nevada was centered around the Joss House on Baud Street.[94] The Joss House was demolished on March 8, 1955, by order of the Winnemucca City Council.[95]

New Jersey

Belleville

Belleville was the location of the first Chinatown on the East Coast of the United States.[96]

Bradley Beach

Bradley Beach is notable for the location where many Chinese from Manhattan's New York City would go to see the ocean .[97]

Newark

Main article: Chinatown, Newark, New Jersey

Government Center neighborhood. The first Chinese businesses appeared in Newark in the second half of the 19th century and in the early part of the 20th century. By the 1920s, the small area had a Chinese population of over 3,000.[98]

In 1910, a small lane with housing and shopping was built called Mulberry Arcade, connecting Mulberry Street and Columbia Street between Lafayette and Green Streets. In the 1920s, recurring federal opium raids[99] disrupted the community, causing many to move to more peaceful places. Despite an attempt to revive the neighborhood decades later, the Mulberry Arcade (the center of Chinatown) was removed in the 1950s.

Princeton

Princeton, New Jersey, home to Princeton University, is roughly 15–25% Asian, with many Asian and Chinese restaurants and businesses around the area.

New York

New York City

Manhattan Chinatown

The

Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey
, not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area.

The first

Chinese immigrants.[104]

Manhattan

Main articles: Chinatown, Manhattan and Little Fuzhou
Manhattan Chinatown

The

Fujian Province of Mainland China. Areas surrounding the "Little Fuzhou" consist mostly of Cantonese immigrants from Guangdong Province, the earlier Chinese settlers, and in some areas moderately of Cantonese
immigrants.

In the past few years, however, the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by

Chinese immigrants.[109] The energy and population of Manhattan's Chinatown are fueled by relentless, massive immigration from Mainland China
, both legal and illegal in origin, propagated in large part by New York's high density, extensive mass transit system, and huge economic marketplace.

The early settlers of Manhattan's Chinatown were mostly Cantonese speakers from

Mott and Canal Streets.[110] The later settlers, from Fuzhou, Fujian, form the Chinese population of the area bounded by East Broadway.[110] Chinatown's modern borders are roughly Grand Street on the north, Broadway on the west, Chrystie Street on the east, and East Broadway to the south.[110]

After

9/11, approximately 23% of these residents relocated to the surrounding communities of the Mohegan Sun casinos, mainly in Norwich, Connecticut
, creating a new Chinatown there.

Queens

Main article: Chinatowns in Queens
Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠)

The

Northern Boulevard. In the 1970s, a Chinese community established a foothold in the neighborhood of Flushing, whose demographic constituency had been predominantly non-Hispanic white and Japanese. Taiwanese people began the surge of immigration, followed by other groups of Chinese. By 1990, Asians constituted 41% of the population of the core area of Flushing, with Chinese in turn representing 41% of the Asian population.[111] The Flushing Chinatown has also become the epicenter of organized prostitution in the United States.[112] Flushing is undergoing rapid gentrification by Chinese transnational entities.[113] As of 2023, illegal Chinese immigration to New York City, and especially to Queens and its Flushing Chinatown, has accelerated.[114]

Ethnic Chinese constitute an increasingly dominant proportion of the Asian population as well as of the overall population in Flushing and its Chinatown.

Downtown Flushing, dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued despite the Covid-19 pandemic.[118]

The Elmhurst Chinatown (唐人街, 艾姆赫斯特) on Broadway, near Queens Blvd.

Elmhurst, another neighborhood in the borough of Queens, also has a large and growing Chinese community.[119][120] Previously a small area with Chinese shops on Broadway between 81st Street and Cornish Avenue, this newly evolved second Chinatown in Queens has now expanded to 45th Avenue and Whitney Avenue. Newer Chinatowns are also emerging in Corona and Whitestone, Queens.

Brooklyn

Main article: Chinatowns in Brooklyn
One of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn (布魯克林華埠)[121]

By 1988, 90% of the storefronts on Eighth Avenue in the

Brooklyn Chinatown",[122]
which now extends for 20 blocks along Eighth Avenue, from 42nd to 62nd Streets. This relatively new but rapidly growing Chinatown located in Sunset Park, Brooklyn was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants like Manhattan's Chinatown in the past.

However, in the recent decade, an influx of Fuzhou immigrants has been pouring into Brooklyn's Chinatown and supplanting the Cantonese at a significantly higher rate than in Manhattan's Chinatown, and Brooklyn Chinatown is now home to mostly Fuzhou immigrants. In the past, during the 1980s and 1990s, the majority of newly arriving Fuzhou immigrants were settling within Manhattan's Chinatown, and the first Little Fuzhou community emerged in New York City within Manhattan's Chinatown; by the 2000s, however, the epicenter of the massive Fuzhou influx had shifted to Brooklyn Chinatown, which is now home to the fastest growing and perhaps largest Fuzhou population in New York City. Unlike the Little Fuzhou in the Manhattan Chinatown, which remains surrounded by areas which continue to house significant populations of Cantonese, all of Brooklyn's Chinatown is swiftly consolidating into New York City's new Little Fuzhou. However, a growing community of Wenzhounese immigrants from China's Zhejiang Province is now also arriving in Brooklyn's Chinatown.[123]

Also in contrast to Manhattan's Chinatown, which still retains the large Cantonese community established decades ago, Brooklyn's Chinatown is very quickly losing its Cantonese community identity.

Marine Park.[121] While the foreign-born Chinese population in New York City jumped 35 percent between 2000 and 2013, to 353,000 from about 262,000, the foreign-born Chinese population in Brooklyn increased 49 percent during the same period, to 128,000 from 86,000, according to The New York Times.[121]

Ohio

Cleveland

Main article: Asiatown, Cleveland

The Chinatown in

Cleveland is an ethnic neighborhood established in the late nineteenth century. A majority of Chinese Ohioans lived in northeastern Ohio, where they worked in factories or established their own businesses to provide their fellow Chinese Americans with traditional Chinese products. For most of the second half of the nineteenth century, Cleveland, which had the largest Chinese-American population in Ohio, had fewer than one hundred Chinese residents. They settled along Ontario Street, where they established Chinatown. For most of its history, Cleveland's Chinatown consisted of only one city block and contained several Chinese restaurants, laundries, and specialty stores. Initially, most Chinese in Cleveland lived in Chinatown to surround themselves with people of similar cultural beliefs and also to escape the animosity of Cleveland's other residents. By World War II, the city's Chinese population had increased to almost nine hundred. With the communist takeover of China in the late 1940s, an increase in Chinese immigration occurred to the United States, including to Ohio. Most of these new migrants came from Hong Kong or Taiwan
.Over time, especially by the 1960s, many Chinese Clevelanders began to move into new neighborhoods, as Cleveland's other residents became more tolerant of the Chinese.

Oklahoma

Oklahoma City

Oklahoma City once had a

Cox Convention Center
.

Oklahoma City now has an Asia District, comprising Chinese, Filipinos, Vietnamese, and other groups.

Oregon

Portland

Main article:
Old Town Chinatown, Portland, Oregon

Old Town Chinatown is the official Chinatown of the Northwest section of Portland, Oregon. The Willamette River forms its eastern boundary, separating it from the Lloyd District and the Kerns and Buckman neighborhoods. It includes the Portland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District and the Portland New Chinatown/Japantown Historic District, which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In the Northwest section, NW Broadway forms the western boundary, separating the neighborhood from the

Downtown Portland
. In the Southwest section, the neighborhood extends from SW 3rd Avenue east to the Willamette River and from SW Stark Street north to West Burnside Street, with the exception of areas south of SW Pine Street and west of SW 2nd Avenue, and south of SW Oak Street and west of SW 1st Avenue, which are parts of Downtown.

Salem

Main article: Chinatown, Salem, Oregon

Downtown Salem had a Chinatown during the mid-to-late-1800s, which vanished in the 1920s. Ships from Hong Kong started arriving in Portland in 1868, and some Chinese immigrants settled in Salem in the next two decades. Salem's Chinatown spanned Commercial, Ferry and Trade streets, and had markets, laundromats, and medicine shops. The local Chinese population reached a peak of 367 in 1890, although it decreased to 72 residents in 1920.[125]

Pennsylvania

Paifang gate in Chinatown, Philadelphia
Built in 1922, Pittsburgh

Philadelphia

Main article: Chinatown, Philadelphia

There is a Chinatown centered on 10th and Race Streets in

Filipinos are also residents. Chinatown contains a mixture of businesses and organizations owned by the pan-Chinese diaspora, as Mainland Chinese, Vietnamese Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, and Malaysian Chinese
residing in the Philadelphia area call Chinatown home.

Pittsburgh

Main article:
Chinatown (Pittsburgh)

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was home to a "small, but busy" Chinatown, located at the intersection of Grant Street and Boulevard of the Allies, where only two Chinese restaurants remain. The On Leong Society was located there.[126] By the 1950s, the Chinese community had exited the neighborhood, leaving this Chinatown extinct today.

Pittsburgh, with Carnegie Mellon University, has an Asian community and has remnants of the historic Chinatown exist on a strip with several restaurants and a Chinese pagoda-styled arch.

Rhode Island

Providence

Main article:
Chinatown, Providence

Providence, Rhode Island was once home to at least two Chinatowns, with the first on Burrill Street in the 1890s until 1901 and then around Empire Street in the late 1890s in the southern section of the city. According to another source, the Burrill Street Chinatown was burned to the ground in 1901 by a "mysterious fire" caused by a kerosene stove.[127]

The Empire Street Chinatown was considered one of the "last of the old Chinatowns" in a grouping that included Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore. The extension of Empire Street, proposed in 1914 (according to the Providence Sunday Journal) and completed around 1951 doomed the Chinatown, and all of the buildings were demolished, including the former headquarters of local Chinese societies. The enclave was once located next to the Empire Theatre and the Central Baptist Church.[128]

Brown University in Providence is home to many Chinese and Chinese-American students. 6% of students are Chinese international students and the student body is overall 19% Asian American, which may or may not include Chinese foreign students and residents.[129][130]

South Dakota

Deadwood

A Chinatown once existed in Deadwood, South Dakota around the mid-1880s. The Chinese community consisted mainly of gold mine workers who were often classified as "rugged".[131][132]

Texas

Houston

Main articles: East Downtown Houston and Chinatown, Houston

The U.S. city of

East Downtown Houston and the newer community is located in Southwest Houston
.

The first businesses of the East Downtown Chinatown were opened by Cantonese Chinese immigrants in the 1930s.[133] It continued to grow in subsequent decades until many of its businesses relocated to Houston's new Chinatown. There have been attempts by business leaders to reverse the decline of Chinatown in East Downtown,[134] but many new residents have sought to rebrand the area to reflect the current cultural shift.[133]

The new Houston Chinatown in Southwest Houston can trace its beginnings to several businesses that opened in 1983.[135] The new Chinatown began to expand in the 1990s when many Houston-area Asian American entrepreneurs moved their businesses from older neighborhoods in a search for less expensive properties and lower crime rates. Houston's new Chinatown is about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Downtown Houston. It is over 6 square miles (16 km2),[136][137] making it among the largest automobile-centric Chinatowns in the United States.[138] Some local officials have tried to change the name of the new Chinatown to "Asia Town" due to many different ethnic groups having a presence there.[139][140]

Richardson and Plano

Main article:
History of Chinese Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth

The D-FW China Town shopping center is located in Richardson because of the large Asian population.[141] Chinese immigration began in Richardson in 1975. Since then the Chinese community has expanded to the north.[142] In the mid-1980s the majority of ethnic Chinese K-12 students in the DFW area resided in Richardson.[143]

As of 2012, North Texas has over 60 Chinese cultural organizations, most them headquartered in Richardson and Plano.[143] The Dallas Chinese Community Center (DCCC; Chinese: 达拉斯华人活动中心; pinyin: Dálāsī Huárén Huódòngzhōngxīn) is in the D-FW Chinatown. As of 2011 the Chinese restaurants catering to ethnic Chinese in DFW are mainly in Richardson and Plano.[142]

Utah

Salt Lake City

Main article: Chinatown, Salt Lake City

Historically,

South Salt Lake
.

Washington

Seattle

Main article: Chinatown–International District, Seattle

Seattle's current Chinese neighborhood came into being around 1910 when much of the former Chinatown along Washington Street was condemned for street construction. The Chinese population began rebuilding along King Street, south of Seattle's Nihonmachi. Chinese investors pooled their resources to build several substantial buildings to house businesses, organizations and residences, such as the East Kong Yick Building.

In the 1950s Seattle officials designated Chinatown as part of the

Filipinos, and Koreans. By the late 1970s, Vietnamese immigrants also formed a Little Saigon
next to Chinatown, within the ID.

There has been some controversy over the name "International District". Some local Chinese Americans reject the term, preferring the historic designation "Chinatown" for the area as a source of pride. Others, especially American born generations of Asians, accept the ID designation as more appropriate due to their embrace of a more "

pan-Asian" identity. Subsequently, the city redesignated the area the Chinatown-International District.[citation needed
]

Spokane

Main article:
Chinatown, Spokane

A fair-sized Chinatown existed in

Franklin Delano Roosevelt era with the internment of Asian peoples due to the war against Japan.[145]

Tacoma

Main article:
Chinatown, Tacoma

Tacoma, Washington was once home to a significant historic Chinatown in Downtown Tacoma near Railroad Street.[146] In November 1885 disgruntled whites drove out the Chinese population and burned down Chinatown. According to a historical account, many who were driven out fled to Portland, Oregon or Canada.[146] Two days after the Chinese were driven out, Tacoma's Chinatown was burned to the ground.[147] According to another source, as many as six hundred Chinese were dragged out to the street in a raid and escorted to the train station.[148]

The Chinese Reconciliation Park was designed to be an historical monument and to commemorate the historic tragedy of the 1885 Chinese expulsion as part of a reconciliation process.[149][150][151]

Walla Walla

Walla Walla, Washington was once home to a small Chinatown.[152]

Wyoming

Rock Springs Massacre

The state of Wyoming had three Chinatowns between 1880 and 1927. In 1927, all three Chinatowns had vanished due to the Chinese Exclusion Act.[153]

Almy, Evanston, and Rock Springs

Rock Springs Massacre
, in which many Chinese died.

See also

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Further reading

  • Mark Arax, San Gabriel Valley Asian Influx Alters Life in Suburbia Series: Asian Impact. (1 of 2 articles), Los Angeles Times, 1987.
  • Timothy P. Fong, The First Suburban Chinatown: The Remaking of Monterey Park, California.' 1994.
  • David Chuenyan Lai, Chinatowns: Towns Within Cities in Canada. 1988.
  • Bonnie Tsui, American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods. 2009. Official website
  • Kathryn E. Wilson, Ethnic Renewal in Philadelphia's Chinatown: Space, Place, and Struggle. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2015.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinatowns_in_the_United_States&oldid=1216283994"