Indonesian Americans
Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex [1] | |
Languages | |
---|---|
Religion | |
| |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Asian Americans |
Indonesian Americans are migrants from the multiethnic country of Indonesia to the United States, and their U.S.-born descendants.[2] In both the 2000 and 2010 United States census, they were the 15th largest group of Asian Americans recorded in the United States as well as one of the fastest growing.[3][4][5]
History
Overview
The earliest Indonesian immigrants to the United States were
Between 2000 and 2010, the number of census respondents identifying themselves as Indonesian (either alone or in combination with other responses) grew by 51% from 63,073 to 95,270.[3][4] Come 2015, this number has augmented again to 113,000 persons according to the Pew Research Center.[9]
Chinese Indonesian asylum seekers
Active lobbying of politicians by
In 2004, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in Sael v. Ashcroft that a Chinese Indonesian couple was eligible for political asylum after citing the existence of anti-Chinese violence and of laws that prohibit Chinese schools and institutions.[11][12] The same court in the following year granted Marjorie Lolong eligibility for asylum after finding that she is "a member of [women and Christian] sub-groups that are at a substantially greater risk of persecution than the [ethnic Chinese] group as a whole."[13] However, the court reversed its findings through an en banc decision and stated that it understood the Board of Immigration Appeals' (BIA) "decision to preclude a general grant of asylum to Indonesian Chinese Christians." The dissenting opinion criticized the BIA's rejection of testimony regarding the Indonesian government's inability to control persecution despite its intentions.[14]
Demography
According to estimates from the American Community Survey for 2015–2019, the total population of Indonesian immigrants in the USA was 96,200. Of that number, the top 15 counties of residence were:[15]
1) Los Angeles County, California - 13,800
2) San Bernardino County, California - 4,800
3) Orange County, California - 4,600
4) Queens County, New York - 2,700
5) Alameda County, California - 2,700
6) Santa Clara County, California - 2,500
7) Harris County, Texas - 2,500
8) Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania - 2,000
9) King County, Washington - 1,900
10) San Diego County, California - 1,800
11) Riverside County, California - 1,600
12) Contra Costa County, California - 1,400
13) Snohomish County, Washington - 1,300
14) San Francisco County, California - 1,300
15) Maricopa County, Arizona - 1,300
Ethnicity
Indonesian Americans are members of various ethnic subcategories such as
Many second-generation Indonesian Americans still feel a connection to their Indonesian identity through their ancestry despite often not having a complete grasp on the Indonesian language.[21]
Religion
Indonesian Americans belong to many faiths including Protestantism, Catholicism, Sunni Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism, although the first three are the most common.[6]
While Islam gains its popularity among Indonesian Americans due to Indonesia being one of the largest Islamic countries in the world,
Indonesian Muslims constituted around 15% of the Indonesian American population in the 1990s.[25] The first Indonesian Mosque in the US was the Al-Hikmah Mosque founded in Astoria, New York, which is currently headed by Shamsi Ali.[26][27] In 2017, the Indonesian Muslim community in Los Angeles purchased a former church at 1200 Kenmore Avenue and converted it into At-Thohir Mosque.[28][29] There is also an Indonesian mosque in Silver Spring, Maryland named the IMAAM Center.[30] This mosque is very active today through its regular services and community outreach, as it is an important hub for Indonesian Muslim life in America.[25] Many upper class Indonesians have chosen to assimilate more into American culture due to economic and cultural comforts. From the perspective of those within this community, this can be seen as a divergence from the Indonesian Muslim identity.[25]
Workforce
Roughly one of every eight Indonesian Americans worked as a cook, waiter, or waitress.[31] Restaurants owned by Indonesian Americans are sites for cultural unity over shared meals and traditions.[6]
According to
Media
Indonesians have founded a number of publications in California. The earliest was the Indonesian Journal, founded in 1988, and published primarily in the Indonesian language.[8] Others include the Loma Linda-based Actual Indonesia News (founded 1996, also in Indonesian), and the Glendora-based Indonesia Media (founded 1998).[8] Los Angeles-based monthly The Indonesia Letter has the largest circulation.[33]
Notable people
Arts and entertainment
- Devi Dja, actress, dancer, and singer
- Agnez Mo, singer-songwriter, dancer
- Joey Alexander, pianist
- Lulu Antariksa, actress and singer
- Carmit Bachar, member of The Pussycat Dolls, singer, dancer, and actress
- Raja Gemini, drag performer
- Grammy-winning singer-songwriter
- Mark-Paul Gosselaar, actor, mother is Dutch-Indonesian
- Cynthia Gouw, actress, TV news anchor and host who was named Miss Chinatown USA 1984
- Tania Gunadi, Indonesian-born Hollywood actress[34]
- Steven Ho, martial artist and actor
- Coco Lee, international artist, Hong Kong-based singer-songwriter, actress, (father was an ethnic Chinese from Indonesia while mother was from Hong Kong, China)
- stuntman
- Innosanto Nagara, author, illustrator
- Irma Pane, pop singer[34]
- Jodi Ann Paterson, model[34]
- Rich Brian, rapper, singer-songwriter, record producer
- Niki, singer-songwriter
- Yoshi Sudarso, actor, stuntman
- Alex Van Halen, member of rock group Van Halen, mother was Dutch-Indonesian[35]
- Eddie Van Halen, member of rock group Van Halen, mother was Dutch-Indonesian[36]
- Wolfgang Van Halen
- Armand van Helden, American DJ, record producer, remixer and songwriter
- Stephanie Poetri, singer-songwriter
- Dallas Liu, actor
- Warren Hue, rapper
- Samantha Win, actress, martial artist, stunt woman and wushu taolu athlete
Business and technology
- Henk Rogers, founder of Bullet Proof software and The Tetris Company (half Dutch)
- Julia S. Gouw, President of East West Bancorp
- Theresia Gouw, Investor/Venture Capitalist
- SHI International
- Marvell Technology Group
Criminal
- Rudy Kurniawan, criminal and perpetrator of wine fraud.
Literature and media
- Li-Young Lee, American poet; of ethnic Chinese origin, born in Indonesia
- Rahadyan Sastrowardoyo, writer, editor, and photographer
- Shamsi Ali, prominent Indonesian Muslim Scholar
Politics
- Maya Soetoro-Ng, half-sister of former United States president Barack Obama
- Joyce L. Kennard, former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California
Science
- Willem Jacob Luyten, astronomer
Sports
- Arki Dikania Wisnu, basketball player
- Rudy Gunawan, world champion badminton player
- Tony Gunawan, world champion, Olympic gold medalist, and badminton player
- Halim Haryanto, All England, world champion badminton player
- John Juanda, professional poker player
- Chris Limahelu, American football player
- Kyle Winter, rugby union player
- Gavin Kwan Adsit, footballer
See also
References
- ^ "Top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas by Indonesian population, 2019".
- ^ a b Yang 2001, pp. 898–899
- ^ a b "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010", 2010 Census Summary File 1, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from the original on October 12, 2016, retrieved February 21, 2012
- ^ a b Barnes & Bennett 2002, p. 9
- ^ Indonesian Contributions : Did you know? http://ifmagazine.net/indonesian-contributions-did-you-know/
- ^ OCLC 701335337.
- ^ a b Cunningham 2009, p. 93
- ^ a b c Cunningham 2009, p. 92
- ^ "Indonesians | Data on Asian Americans". Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Sukmana 2009
- ^ Egelko, Bob (October 15, 2004), "Ethnic Chinese from Indonesia wins appeal", San Francisco Chronicle, p. A2, archived from the original on September 6, 2009, retrieved January 26, 2010
- ^ Sael v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 922 (9d Cir. October 14, 2004).
- ^ Lolong v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 1215 (9d Cir. March 18, 2005).
- ^ Lolong v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 1173 (9d Cir. May 7, 2007).
- ^ "U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County, 2015-2019". Migration Policy Institute. February 4, 2014.
- ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (September 16, 2008). "Pulkam Basamo Sedunia ke Minangkabau". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian).
- ^ Cunningham 2009, p. 97
- ^ Yang 2001, p. 899
- ^ Cunningham 2009, p. 95
- ^ Yang 2001, p. 902
- ISSN 2502-6747.
- ^ a b "Indonesian Americans | Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America - Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Cunningham 2009, pp. 97–98
- ^ Cunningham 2009, p. 98
- ^ ISSN 2355-6145.
- ^ "Masjid Al-Hikmah – Faiths and Freedom". Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
- ^ "Home". www.masjidalhikmahnewyork.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
- ^ "Mesjid At-Thohir Los Angeles". VOA Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
- ^ "Cerita di Balik Masjid Bersalib di Los Angeles". www.nu.or.id. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
- ^ "IMAAM | IMAAM Center is a muslim place of worship location at the heart of downtown Silver Spring, MD". Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
- ^ "Indonesian immigrants". Archived from the original on February 28, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
- ^ Budiman, Abby. "Indonesians in the U.S. Fact Sheet".
- ^ Yang 2001, p. 904
- ^ a b c Born in Indonesia.
- ^ "Eddie and Alex Van Halen talk about their Indonesian mother's influence – bigWOWO". Bigwowo.com. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
- ^ Halen, Van (February 5, 2012). "VH Interviews". Vimeo.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2017 – via Vimeo.
Sources
- Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. OCLC 701335337. pp 515–566.
- Lie, Anita; Wijaya, Juliana; Kuntjara, Esther (May 31, 2018). "Linguistic and cultural identity of Indonesian Americans in The United States". Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 8 (1). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). ISSN 2502-6747.
- Husin, Asna (August 13, 2019). "Being Muslim in a Secular World: Indonesian Muslim Families in the Washington DC, USA". Studia Islamika. 26 (2). Studia Islamika, Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM) Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta. ISSN 2355-6145.
- Budiman, Abby. "Indonesians in the U.S. Fact Sheet." Pew Research Center. 2021. online
- Yang, Eveline (2001), "Indonesian Americans", in Lehman, Jeffrey (ed.), Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, vol. 2 (second ed.), Gale Group, pp. 897–905, ISBN 978-0-7876-3986-0
- Barnes, Jessica S.; Bennett, Claudette E. (February 2002), The Asian Population: 2000 (PDF), U.S. Census 2000, U.S. Department of Commerce, retrieved September 30, 2009
- Cunningham, Clark E. (2009), "Unity and Diversity among Indonesian Migrants to the United States", in Ling, Huping (ed.), Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, pp. 90–125, ISBN 978-0-8135-4342-0
- Sukmana, Damai (January 2009), "Game of Chance: Chinese Indonesians Play Asylum Roulette in the United States", Inside Indonesia, 95, ISSN 0814-1185, archived from the originalon April 25, 2009, retrieved January 31, 2010
Further reading
- Wijaya, Juliana (2006), "Indonesian Heritage Learners' Profiles: A Preliminary Study of Indonesian Heritage Language Learners at UCLA" (PDF), Journal of Southeast Asian Language Teaching, 12: 1–14