Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne
Hereditary Peerage | |
|---|---|
| Preceded by | The 4th Marquess of Lansdowne |
| Succeeded by | The 6th Marquess of Lansdowne |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice 14 January 1845 London, Lord Charles Petty-Fitzmaurice Beatrix Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans |
| Parent(s) | Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne Emily, 8th Lady Nairne |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne,
In 1917, during the
Early years, 1845–1882
A great-grandson of British Prime Minister
Lord Lansdowne was a member of the
After studying at
Lord Lansdowne entered the
He was a member and trustee of the
In 1897, he also became a founding trustee of the
Governor General of Canada, 1883–1888
Lord Lansdowne was Governor General during turbulent times in Canada. His Protestant Irish connections made him unpopular with the Catholic Irish element.[11] He was appointed GCMG in January 1884.[12]
Prime Minister Sir
Lansdowne proved to be an adept statesman in helping to settle a dispute over fishing rights between Canada and the
Lansdowne departed Canada "with its clear skies, its exhilarating sports, and within the bright fire of Gatineau logs, with our children and friends gathered round us" to his regret.[13] He gave his wife a great deal of the credit for his success in Canada. One of her happiest and most successful endeavours at Rideau Hall was a party that she threw for 400 Sunday school children. Lady Lansdowne was decorated with the Order of Victoria and Albert and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India. Lord Lansdowne's military secretary, Lord Melgund, later became Lord Minto and served as Governor General between 1898 and 1904. Parc Lansdowne and Lansdowne Avenue in Westmount, Montreal, next to Westmount Park, was named in his honor, as well as Lansdowne Ridge and Upper-Lansdowne, both located on Westmount's summit next to Villa Sainte-Marcelline and Saint Joseph's Oratory.[16][5]
Viceroy of India, 1888–1894
Lord Lansdowne was appointed
Secretary of State for War, 1895–1900
Upon his return, as a
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1900–1905
After the Unionist victory in the
According to G. W. Monger's summary of the Cabinet debates in 1900 to 1902:
Chamberlain advocated ending Britain's isolation by concluding an alliance with Germany; Salisbury resisted change. With the new crisis in China caused by the Boxer rising and Landsdowne's appointment to the Foreign Office in 1900, those who advocated a change won the upper hand. Landsdowne in turn attempted to reach an agreement with Germany and a settlement with Russia but failed. In the end Britain concluded an alliance with Japan. The decision of 1901 was momentous; British policy had been guided by events, but Lansdowne had no real understanding of these events. The change of policy had been forced on him and was a confession of Britain's weakness.[21]
Big Revolver
On 15 June 1903, he made a speech in the House of Lords defending fiscal retaliation against countries with high tariffs and governments subsidising products for sale in Britain (known as 'bounty-fed products', also called
Unionist leader in Lords
In 1903, Lord Lansdowne became the leader of Unionists (Conservative and Liberal Unionist peers) in the House of Lords.[1][13] This was followed shortly by the Liberal victory in the January 1906 general elections. In his new role as head of the opposition peers, he was instrumental in the Unionist leader Arthur Balfour's plans to obstruct Liberal policies through the Unionist majority in the upper house. Although he and Balfour had some misgivings, he led the Lords to reject the People's Budget of 1909. After the Liberals won two elections in 1910 on the pledge to reform the House of Lords and to remove its veto power and after a series of failed negotiations in which Lansdowne was of key importance, the Liberals moved forward to end the Lords veto, if necessary by recommending to the King to create hundreds of new Liberal peers. Lansdowne and the other Conservative leaders were anxious to prevent such an action by allowing the bill, distasteful as they found it, to pass, but soon, Lansdowne found that he could not count on many of the more reactionary peers, who planned on a last-ditch resistance. Ultimately, enough Unionist peers either (like Lansdowne himself) abstained from the vote ("hedgers") or even voted for the bill ("rats") to ensure its passage into the Parliament Act 1911.
In the following years, Lansdowne continued as Opposition Leader in the Lords, his stature increasing when Balfour, the party leader in the Commons, resigned and was replaced by the inexperienced
Death
Lord Lansdowne died at Clonmel, Ireland on 3 June 1927 at the age of 82.[13] The probate on his estate was granted with the value sworn at £1,044,613 (equivalent to about £66,300,000 in 2021) in land and another £233,888 in other assets.[27] His widow died in 1932, and their tombs are in the churchyard at Derry Hill, near their Bowood estate in Wiltshire.[28]
Family
Henry Petty-FitzMaurice married Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, a daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn and his wife Lady Lady Louisa Jane Russell, daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford in 1869. The couple had four children:[1]
- Lady Evelyn Emily Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice (27 August 1870 – 2 April 1960), married Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire.
- Henry William Edmund Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1872 – 5 March 1936), was cousin of Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough, cousin of Winston Churchill and husband of Consuelo Vanderbilt.
- John Jacob Astor V.
- Lady Beatrix Frances Petty-Fitzmaurice (25 March 1877 – 5 August 1953),[29] married firstly Henry Beresford, 6th Marquess of Waterford and secondly Osborne Beauclerk, 12th Duke of St Albans.
Honorific eponyms
Geographic locations:
- Lansdowne in India
Ontario: Lansdowne Avenue, Toronto- Ontario: Lansdowne Street, Sudbury
- Ontario: Lansdowne Park, Ottawa
- Ontario: Lansdowne Street, Peterborough
- Ontario: Lansdowne Avenue, Sarnia
New Brunswick: Lansdowne Street, Campbellton- New Brunswick: Lansdowne Street, Fredericton
- Westmount
Saskatchewan: Lansdowne Avenue, Imperial
: Mount Lansdowne, Yukon 60°30′36″N 134°33′20″W / 60.509906°N 134.555459°W
Lansdowne Road, Kolkata, India.
Lansdowne, Nova Scotia
British Columbia:Lansdowne Road, Saanich
Schools:
- Lansdowne Public School, Sudbury
- Ontario: Lord Lansdowne Public School, Toronto
Manitoba: Lansdowne Public School, Winnipeg- Ontario: Lansdowne Public School, Sarnia
Bridges:
Lansdowne Bridge, Lansdowne, New South Wales, Australia – a bridge built in 1834–1835 and has the largest span of all Australian masonry bridges- , Pakistan – a rigid girder bridge built 1879–1887 used by railway traffic
Buildings:
- Lansdowne Building, Mysore, Karnataka, India, c. 1892 – a market being repaired and restored after a partial collapse in 2012
- Lansdowne Court, Kolkata, India – residential development
- Lansdowne Hall, Cooch Behar, India – Community Hall, Library, Masonic Purposes. now Cooch Behar District Magistrate's Office
Market:
- Lansdowne Market, Kolkata, India.
Station:
- Lansdowne (TTC), Toronto
- Lansdowne station (SkyTrain), Vancouver
Education:
- McGill University, Montreal, 1884, honorific Doctor of law[14]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i (Hesilrige 1921, p. 539)
- ^ a b Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2009). Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith Petty, Dictionary of Irish Biography
- JSTOR 44850143.
- ^ Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, 1746-1823, 1st Viscount Keith
- ^ a b Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Canadian History Ehx.
- ^ Wright, C. J. (2005), Holland House (act. 1797–1845), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland
- ^ London Metropolitan Archives, Brooks's Club
- ^ Society of Architectural Historians, Sahara Highlights: Clubs, Jacqueline Spafford and Mark Hinchman, SAHARA Co-Editors, 2022
- ^ Art for the Nation: Exhibitions and the London Public, 1747-2001, Manchester University Press, Brandon Taylor, 1999, p. 119
- ^ Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain (1955) 2: 355–56.
- ^ The Knights of England
- ^ a b c d e f g "Biography – PETTY-FITZMAURICE, HENRY CHARLES KEITH, 5th Marquess of LANSDOWNE – Volume XV (1921-1930) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5e marquis de
- ^ Dell, Jessica Elizabeth. "Fishing Camps: The Cascapedia River Museum". www.cascapedia.org. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- ^ Coupe Grey : la fascinante histoire du parc Lansdowne
- ^ The Knights of England
- ^ The Knights of England
- ISBN 9788122417746.
- G. P. Gooch, Before the War: Studies in Diplomacy (vol 1 1936), pp. 1–86 online
- ^ G. W. Monger, "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900-1902" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society vol. 13, 1963, pp. 103–21 online
- ^ Hugh Montgomery; Philip George Cambray (1906). A Dictionary of Political Phrases and Allusions: With a Short Bibliography. S. Sonnenschein. p. 33.
- ^ "Home - Mosley's Old Suffragette: A Biography of Norah Dacre Fox". 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Harold Kurtz, "The Lansdowne Letter", History Today 18.2 (1968): 84–92.
- ^ Douglas Newton, "The Lansdowne 'Peace Letter' of 1917 and the Prospect of Peace by Negotiation with Germany." Australian Journal of Politics & History 48.1 (2002): 16–39.
- ^ "Branded a traitor for just seeking peace- a Tory statesman became a pariah when he wrote to The Times calling for an end to the Great War" The Times issue no 72,390 (dated Saturday 25 November 2017), p. 37.
- ^ https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk Calendar of Probates and Administrations
- ^ Historic England. "Christ Church (1253593)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs. p. 193.
Further reading
- Cohen, Avner. "Joseph Chamberlain, Lord Lansdowne and British Foreign Policy 1901–1903: From Collaboration to Confrontation". Australian Journal of Politics and History 43.2 (1997): 122+.
- Forrest, Sir George (1894). The administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor-general of India, 1888–1894. Office of the Supdt. of Government Print. p. 40.
- Gooch, G. P. Before the war: studies in diplomacy (vol 1 1936) pp. 1–86. online scholarly biography of Lansdowne, stressing foreign policy.
- Grenville, J. A. S. "Lansdowne's Abortive Project of 12 March 1901 for a Secret Agreement with Germany". Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 27#76 (November 1954): 201–213.
- Grenville, John Ashley Soames. "Great Britain and the Isthmian Canal, 1898–1901." American Historical Review 61.1 (1955): 48-69. online
- Jeshurun, Chandran. "Lord Lansdowne and the 'Anti-German Clique' at the Foreign Office: Their Role in the Making of the Anglo-Siamese Agreement of 1902." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3.2 (1972): 229–246 online.
- Keohane, Nigel. The Party of Patriotism: The Conservative Party and the First World War (Routledge, 2016).
- Kerry, Simon. Lansdowne: The Last Great Whig (2018), ).
- Kurtz, Harold. "The Lansdowne Letter, November 1917". History Today Vol. 18, No. 2 (February 1968): 84–92
- McKercher, B. J. C. "Diplomatic Equipoise: The Lansdowne Foreign Office The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and The Global Balance of Power". Canadian Journal of History 24.3 (1989): 299–340.
- Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War (Random House, 1991) excerpt see Dreadnought (book), popular history; pp. 337–350.
- Monger, George W. "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900–1902" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13 (1963): 103–121. online
- Monger, George. The End of Isolation; British Foreign Policy, 1900–1907 (Nelson, 1963).
- Mulligan, William. "From Case to Narrative: The Marquess of Lansdowne, Sir Edward Grey, and the Threat from Germany, 1900–1906." International History Review 30.2 (2008): 273–302.
- Newton, Douglas. "The Lansdowne 'Peace Letter' of 1917 and the Prospect of Peace by Negotiation with Germany". Australian Journal of Politics & History 48.1 (2002): pp. 16–39.
- Newton, Lord. Lord Lansdowne: A Biography (Macmillan, 1929) online.
- Petty-Fitzmaurice, Edmond George (1912). Life of William, earl of Shelburne, afterwards first marquess of Lansdowne. Vol. 1. Macmillan.
- Petty-Fitzmaurice, Edmond George; William Petty Lansdowne (Marquis of) (1876). Life of William, Earl of Shelburne, afterwards first Marquess of Landsdowne: with extracts from his papers and correspondence. Vol. 2. Macmillan.
- Winters, Frank Winfield. "Gentlemen's diplomacy: the foreign policy of Lord Lansdowne, 1845–1927". (PhD Diss. Texas A & M University, 2006) online.
- Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. 160A, Fleet Street, London: Dean & Son. p. 539.
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External links
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Lansdowne
- . . Dublin: Alexander Thom and Son Ltd. 1923. p. – via Wikisource.
- Waite, P. B. (2005). "Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- 1903 World's Work illustrated article with photo of Petty-Fitzmaurice