Hubert Pierlot
Hubert Pierlot | |
---|---|
Prime Minister of Belgium | |
In office 22 February 1939 – 12 February 1945 | |
Monarch | Leopold III |
Regent | Prince Charles (1944–45) |
Preceded by | Paul-Henri Spaak |
Succeeded by | Achille Van Acker |
Personal details | |
Born | Christian Social Party | 23 December 1883
Hubert Marie Eugène Pierlot (French pronunciation:
While in exile in
Birth and early career
Pierlot was born in
Hubert Pierlot was educated in religious schools in
After the war, Pierlot joined the
In the successive Catholic government of the interwar period, he served as the
As Prime Minister
During the
Break with Leopold III
During the fighting in May 1940, the Pierlot government came into conflict with
As the Belgian forces, together with their French and British allies, were forced to retreat, Leopold decided that surrendering the army was the only viable course of action. On 24 May, as the government was leaving the country for exile in France, a group of ministers including Pierlot held a final meeting with Leopold at the
"Casting aside the unanimous and formal advice of the Government, the King has opened separate negotiations and is dealing with the enemy. Belgium will be stupefied that the King has broken the bond that united him with his people...the King, having put himself under the control of the enemy, is unfit to reign..."
Pierlot's Radio Paris speech of 28 May 1940[18]
Leopold's decision to surrender was seized on by the British and French press who blamed him for the military situation.[19] The Belgian government met in Paris on 26 May and invoked Article 82 of the Constitution, declaring the monarch unable to reign (dans l'impossibilité de régner), and resolved to continue the fight against Germany.[20] The following day, Pierlot held an important meeting with the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, in which the French premier called for the Belgian government to publicly denounce the King and his surrender.[21] Following the meeting, Pierlot gave a radio speech denouncing the King whom he accused of acting unconstitutionally and in sympathy with the Germans.[22] Before being broadcast, Pierlot's speech was heavily edited by the French minister Georges Mandel to ensure a position favorable to the French.[2] The denunciation of the King, who was popular across most strata of Belgian society and supported by the church, led to a big loss of public support and alienated Pierlot from his supporters and party.[23]
Exile government in France
The government met in
Fearing a surrender to the Germans, Marcel-Henri Jaspar, a junior minister, left France for London where, together with Camille Huysmans, he appeared to form a rebel government or Belgian National Committee (Comité national belge) condemned by the official government. De Vleeschauwer arrived in London, where he was joined by Camille Gutt, the Minister of Finances, to deal with the threat. Pierlot remained in France. De Vleeschauwer travelled to neutral Spain where, at Le Perthus on the French-Spanish border, he met with Pierlot and Paul-Henri Spaak, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, to attempt to persuade them to join him in London. Pierlot refused.[27] Continued negotiations with the new Vichy government of Philippe Pétain proved fruitless. In August 1940, under pressure from the Germans, the French broke off diplomatic relations with the Belgian government and ordered it to disband.[28] On 22 August, Pierlot and Spaak received the permission of the government to leave for London while the rest of the government remained in France.[29]
Pierlot and Spaak, together with Pierlot's family, crossed into Francoist Spain with an official visa, but were arrested in Barcelona and held under house arrest in a hotel. On 18 October, they escaped from confinement and headed for Portugal where the regime of António de Oliveira Salazar, although neutral, was more sympathetic to the Allied cause than Spain. They finally arrived in London on 22 October.[30]
Exile government in London
Shortly after his arrived in London, during the middle of the Blitz, Pierlot narrowly avoided being killed when the Carlton Hotel, where he was staying, was destroyed in bombing in November 1940.[4]
The arrival of Pierlot and Spaak officially began the period of the "Government of Four" (Pierlot, Spaak, Gutt and De Vleeschauwer) which formed the core of the Belgian government in exile.[17] Nonetheless, the Foreign Office distrusted Pierlot for not leaving France sooner. The Foreign Minister, Anthony Eden, is said to have remarked that "Pierlot is not impressive, but he is legitimate".[17] Pierlot's status as the last elected Prime Minister did however provided sufficient legitimacy for the official government to undermine the Jaspar-Huysmans government in the eyes of the British government and achieve officially-approved status.[17]
The government in exile received full diplomatic recognition from the Allied countries.
On 28 April 1941, Pierlot's two eldest children were travelling to their boarding school when the train they were on caught fire near Westborough, Lincolnshire. Both were killed.[5]
Pierlot was one of the chief supporters of the
Defence ministry crisis
From its inception, the position of Minister of Defence in the government in exile was heavily contested.
In 1944, Pierlot began drawing up plans for the reorganization of the Belgian Army after the liberation, known as the Pierlot Plan (Plan Pierlot).[39] The plan called for the formation of two brigades of infantry, six battalions of fusiliers, logistics and support units in Belgium immediately after liberation in order to fight alongside Allied troops during an invasion of Germany.[40] In the longer term, these troops would form the core of a new division around which more troops could be raised.[40]
Liberation governments
The liberation of Belgium begun in September 1944 as Allied forces moved eastwards. Brussels was liberated on 3 September.[41] On 8 September, Pierlot and the government in exile arrived in the city by aeroplane.[41] The return of the government was met with general indifference by the population, which felt the government had been indifferent to the plight of the population during the occupation.[41]
"Nobody had been warned of our arrival. The cars, which took us into town, were preceded by a jeep. One of our colleagues stood in it, shouting to the few citizens we passed: 'Here is your Government'. I must confess that this produced no reaction at all, neither hostility nor enthusiasm, just total indifference"
Paul-Henri Spaak, on the government's return to Brussels[17]
Parliament met for the first time since 1940 on 19 September 1944 in which Pierlot presented a summary of the government's actions in Britain during the occupation.
During this period, the government was involved in launching Gutt's monetary reform plan as well as the disarming of the resistance as part of the transition to stability. A major crisis emerged within the government over the refusal of the
Continued problems with the food supply, coupled the unpopularity of some of the government's measures, led to widespread press criticism of the Pierlot government. Strikes across the country in February 1945 further destabilised the government.[49] On 7 February 1945, Pierlot publicly defended the actions of the government in parliament, but failed to make a significant impression. The government fell in February, and was replaced by a new, short-lived national union government under Achille Van Acker while the polemic surrounding the possible dismissal or restatement of Leopold III were considered.[50]
Later life and death
After the fall of his government, Pierlot returned to his position as senator of the
Retiring from politics, Pierlot returned to practicing law in Brussels.[52] In 1946, a book entitled the Livre Blanc (White Book) was published at the request of Leopold, defending the King and attacking the exile government's record. Responding to the criticism, Pierlot published a widely distributed series of articles in the newspaper Le Soir.[53] He remained a controversial figure. King Baudouin, replacing his father as King in 1950, also refused to receive Pierlot at the palace.[54] After 1947, he refused to return to politics or to respond publicly to criticism from his political enemies.[55]
Pierlot died in Uccle, a wealthy suburb of Brussels, on 13 December 1963, ten days before his 80th birthday.[55] He is buried in Cugnon. A charitable organisation, the Fondation Hubert Pierlot (Hubert Pierlot Foundation), was established by friends of Pierlot in 1966.[56] His wife Marie-Louise died in 1980 aged 85.
Posthumous rehabilitation
After his death, Pierlot's political reputation was reappraised by historians who reconsidered the decisions he took during his wartime government. He was notably praised by his colleague, Paul-Henri Spaak who later became first President of the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary General of NATO, and one of the founding fathers of the European Union. In his 1969 memoires, Spaak praised Pierlot as "serious to the point of severity, honest to the point of scrupulosity, a tireless worker, a devout Christian, a patriot, a model of civic, professional, and family virtues, he was an exceptional man."[57]
References
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 37.
- ^ a b c d Veranneman 2014, p. 56.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 35.
- ^ a b Grosbois 2007, p. 15.
- ^ a b Grosbois 2007, p. 16.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 38.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 38–9.
- ^ Veranneman 2014, p. 55.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 21.
- ^ Veranneman 2014, pp. 55–6.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 117.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 120–7.
- ^ Veranneman 2014, p. 54.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 127–9.
- ^ a b Veranneman 2014, p. 58.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 129.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Yapou 2006.
- ^ Veranneman 2014, pp. 61–2.
- ^ Veranneman 2014, p. 62.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 131.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 133.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 133–5.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 137; 141.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 142–3.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 133–6.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 144–5.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 150–1.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 152.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 153.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 157.
- ^ Le Soir 1994.
- ^ Conway & Gotovitch 2001, p. 55-6.
- ^ Veranneman 2014, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Veranneman 2014, p. 80.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 215.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 226.
- ^ a b c d Grosbois 2007, p. 288.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 289–90.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 298.
- ^ a b Grosbois 2007, p. 299.
- ^ a b c Grosbois 2007, p. 319.
- ^ a b c Grosbois 2007, p. 325.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 323–4.
- ^ Conway 2012, p. 121.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 335–6.
- ^ Conway 2012, pp. 98–9.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 340.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 341–2.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 346.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 347.
- ^ a b Grosbois 2007, p. 349.
- ^ a b Grosbois 2007, p. 350.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, pp. 352–3.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 356.
- ^ a b Grosbois 2007, p. 359.
- ^ Grosbois 2007, p. 360.
- ^ Spaak 1969, p. 59.
Bibliography
- Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001). Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain, 1940–45 (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. ISBN 1-57181-503-1.
- Conway, Martin (2012). The Sorrows of Belgium: Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944-1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969434-1.
- Van den Dungen, Pierre (2011). Hubert Pierlot (1883–1963). Brussels: Le Cri. ISBN 978-2-8710-6542-5.
- Grosbois, Thierry (2007). Pierlot, 1930–1950. Brussels: Racine. ISBN 978-2873864859.
- Laporte, Christian (1 September 1994). "Quatre ans à Londres: Eaton Square, Petite Belgique". Le Soir. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- OCLC 435827449.
- Veranneman, Jean-Michel (2014). Belgium in the Second World War. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78337-607-0.
- Yapou, Eliezer (2006). "Belgium: Disintegration and Resurrection". Governments in Exile, 1939–1945. Jerusalem.
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External links
- Hubert Pierlot at the official website of the Belgian Prime Minister
- Hubert Pierlot, du devoir au sacrifice at La Libre Belgique
- Hubert Pierlot, Premier ministre oublié at L'Avenir
- Newspaper clippings about Hubert Pierlot in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Hubert Pierlot in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine