Interstate 405 (Washington)
Route information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Auxiliary route of I-5 | ||||
Maintained by WSDOT | ||||
Length | 30.30 mi[1][2] (48.76 km) | |||
Existed | 1957–present | |||
NHS | Entire route | |||
Major junctions | ||||
South end | I-5 / SR 518 in Tukwila | |||
North end | I-5 / SR 525 in Lynnwood | |||
Location | ||||
Country | United States | |||
State | Washington | |||
Counties | King, Snohomish | |||
Highway system | ||||
|
Interstate 405 (I-405) is a north–south auxiliary Interstate Highway serving the Seattle region of Washington, United States. It bypasses Seattle east of Lake Washington, traveling through the Eastside area of King and Snohomish counties, providing an alternate route to I-5. The 30-mile (48 km) freeway serves the cities of Renton, Bellevue, Kirkland, and Bothell. I-405 terminates at I-5 in Tukwila and Lynnwood, and also intersects several major highways, including SR 167, I-90, SR 520, and SR 522.
The Eastside highway was originally built in the early 20th century to connect cities along the lake and was formally added to the state highway system in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 2A (SSH 2A). A freeway replacement for SSH 2A was proposed in the 1940s by the state government and designated as I-405 as part of the federal Interstate Highway program, with the first section beginning construction in 1956 and completed in 1965. It was initially signed as SR 405 until the freeway was fully completed in 1971; since then, the highway has been expanded to add lanes for high-occupancy vehicles and toll users. I-405 is one of the most congested highways in the Seattle area and is known for its meandering "S-curves" through Renton, which were straightened in the 1990s.
Route description
I-405 is a 30-mile (48 km) north–south freeway that serves as a bypass of I-5 through Seattle while serving the Eastside region.[3] It is listed as part of the National Highway System, identifying routes that are important to the national economy, defense, and mobility, and the state's Highway of Statewide Significance program, recognizing its connection to major communities.[4][5] The highway is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), who conduct an annual survey of traffic volume that is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. Average daily traffic volumes on I-405 in 2016 ranged from a minimum of 76,000 at its southern terminus in Tukwila to 209,000 in Downtown Bellevue.[6] Approximately 86 percent of peak-direction lane miles on I-405 are rated as "routinely congested" by WSDOT and the highway accounted for over 30 percent of delays on the Seattle area's urban freeways from 2013 to 2017.[7]
The freeway has a system of high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) from Tukwila to Downtown Bellevue that become high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) from Bellevue to Lynnwood.[8] The HOT lanes are controlled through a series of designated access points and direct ramps located along I-405.[9] Tolls are collected electronically through Good to Go transponders by overhead sensors or via license plate cameras for mail billing with a surcharge.[10] The variable weekday toll rates are set according to traffic congestion, ranging from $0.75 to a maximum of $10, while weekends and federal holidays are toll-free.[11][12] HOT lane tolls are waived for high-occupancy vehicles with three or more passengers during peak periods and two or more passengers during the mid-day when using the "FlexPass" that can toggle between tolled and HOV modes.[13]
Tukwila to Bellevue
I-405 begins as a continuation of
The freeway turns northeast and runs below several hills with residential neighborhoods overlooking downtown Renton.
From downtown Renton, I-405 narrows to six lanes and climbs over
Bellevue to Lynnwood
The freeway continues north from the interchange towards
I-405 continues north from Downtown Bellevue into the city's northern residential and commercial neighborhoods, where it intersects
The freeway continues north through Kirkland's residential
I-405 enters Snohomish County and travels northwest through a wooded area along North Creek before reaching an interchange with the Bothell–Everett Highway, which continues north to Mill Creek as SR 527.[14][44] The interchange, located in the Canyon Park industrial area, is adjacent to a park and ride that serves as the southern terminus of the Swift Green Line and has a dedicated pedestrian bridge.[46] The freeway continues northwest through residential neighborhoods and gains a set of auxiliary lanes in the shoulder that are opened to northbound traffic during limited periods using a series of overhead signs and restricted to transit use in the southbound direction.[47][48] I-405 continues northwest, crossing over SR 524 without an interchange,[49] and terminates at a combination interchange with I-5 east of the Alderwood Mall in Lynnwood.[20][50] The freeway continues north as SR 525, which connects to SR 99 and serves the Mukilteo terminal on the Washington State Ferries system.[14]
History
Early highways
During early development of the Eastside region in the late 19th century, travel between cities was dependent on boats, including a system of
A north–south road between Kirkland and modern-day Bellevue was completed in 1908 and gradually extended south to Renton and north to Bothell.
Planning for a series of upgrades to transform SSH 2A into a suitable bypass of US 99 around Seattle began in the late 1940s.
The East Pacific Highway Association, formed to plan a major highway to the east of US 99 from
Construction of a new alignment for SSH 2A began in 1953;
Interstate construction
The
Expansion of the existing two-lane highway into a freeway began with a section between Factoria and Downtown Bellevue that opened in 1961. The project included a cloverleaf interchange at Northeast 8th Street in Downtown Bellevue.[90] A nearby interchange at Northrup Road was rebuilt in 1963 to temporarily accommodate traffic from the then-new Evergreen Point Floating Bridge using a hybrid cloverleaf design.[91] Construction of the permanent interchange was later completed in November 1966 at a cost of $5.5 million.[92]
In 1964, the system of primary and secondary state highways was removed in favor of new state routes, and the incomplete sections of the corridor were renumbered to SR 405.[93][94] By 1966, the remaining sections of SR 405 were fully renumbered to I-405.[95] The first segment of the Renton Freeway to be completed was between Tukwila and Renton, costing $12.6 million and opening to traffic on August 31, 1965.[96][97] An extension that bypassed downtown Renton opened on September 3, connecting with the existing freeway to Kennydale.[98]
A four-lane section of I-405 between Kennydale and Factoria in southern Bellevue was opened to traffic in August of that year.[99] A temporary overpass with a traffic signal was installed at the Factoria interchange while construction continued on a new connection to US 10 (later I-90) for several more years.[100][101] The 209-acre (85 ha) interchange with I-5 at Tukwila opened in stages between February and November 1967;[102][103] it cost $16 million to construct and included ramps to the new Southcenter shopping mall.[104][105]
The final section of I-405 to be built, between Woodinville and Lynnwood, was opened to traffic in November 1969.[106] Further construction expanded I-405 to six lanes, including a section near Woodinville that involved the demolition of recent bridges that were too narrow to support three lanes per direction.[107] These projects had been delayed due to a cut in federal highway spending in the late 1960s.[108] The proposed route between Bothell and Lynnwood was originally planned to follow Swamp Creek from Kenmore, but was later moved further northeast to North Creek after opposition from residents.[62][109] It was later revived in 1971 as part of a shorter connector between Kenmore and I-405 that was rejected for a lack of projected need.[110]
Later development
In the 1960s, the state government studied the construction of an outer freeway bypass due to expected traffic demand on I-405. A report released in 1970 concluded that the outer bypass, nicknamed I-605, would not be necessary and recommended expanding I-405 to eight lanes in some sections.[111] The proposal had also been controversial with residents around Lake Sammamish, around which the freeway corridor was moved several times.[112]
The first
One of the major construction projects on the highway was straightening the s-curves in Renton, which were designed for speeds of up to 45 miles per hour (72 km/h).[114] This project began in 1990, and was estimated to cost $70 million. Also during this time, the portion of the highway between I-5 and South Renton was being repaved and HOV lanes were being added,[115] which were originally placed on the right-hand side of the road before being migrated over to the median in the early 2000s.
21st century
Originally intended as a bypass to I-5 through Seattle, I-405 has experienced a large increase in traffic volume since its construction. I-405 is now the most congested freeway in Washington State, particularly the segment between State Route 169 and I-90.[116]
A Nickel Project funded in 2003 originally included three planned improvements for I-405:[117]
- The construction of one lane in each direction between SE 8th and I-90, replacing the Wilburton Tunnel.
- The construction of one northbound lane from NE 70th to NE 124th, and one southbound lane from SR 522 to SR 520.
- The construction of one northbound lane from SR 181 to SR 167, and one southbound lane from SR 169 to SR 167.
In 2005, the "Renton to Bellevue Project" was added as an additional Nickel Project,[118] and would have added two lanes in each direction between SR 169 and I-90. However, in November 2007, voters rejected the ballot measure which would have provided the additional funds necessary for this project. At this time the project is still largely unfunded.[116] The web site "Road to Ruin" ranks the widening of I-405 as the fourth most wasteful highway project in the United States. The project is designed to help traffic move more smoothly on I-405.[119]
A 2008 construction project demolished the Wilburton Tunnel, which formerly covered a portion of the freeway between Factoria and Bellevue and carried the BNSF Woodinville Subdivision.[120]
On September 27, 2015, a set of high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) opened on I-405 between Bellevue and Lynnwood, replacing the existing HOV lanes from NE 6th Street to I-5/SR 525.[121][122] Construction on the southern half of the HOT lanes system, extending to the SR 167 interchange in Renton, began in 2020 and is scheduled to be completed in 2024 at a cost of $1.2 billion.[123][124]
The City of Bellevue plans to construct a lidded park over a section of I-405 between 4th and 6th streets as part of its "Grand Connection" program.[125] A new half-diamond interchange at Northeast 132nd Street in Kirkland is scheduled to open in 2023,[126] while the Northeast 85th Street interchange is planned to be reconstructed as part of a bus rapid transit project.[39]
Transit service
The I-405 corridor is served by several express bus routes operated by
The
Exit list
County | Location | mi[1] | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sea-Tac Airport | Continuation beyond I-5 | |||||
— | Seattle | Southern terminus | ||||
0.34 | 0.55 | — | Southcenter Boulevard – Southcenter Mall | Southbound exit and northbound entrance | ||
0.98 | 1.58 | 1 | SR 181 south (West Valley Highway) – Tukwila | |||
Renton | 2.32 | 3.73 | 2 | SR 167 / Rainier Avenue S – Kent, Auburn, Renton | Signed as exits 2A (south) and 2B (north) southbound | |
2.79 | 4.49 | 3 | SR 515 (Talbot Road S) | Southbound exit and northbound entrance | ||
4.00 | 6.44 | 4 | SR 169 south / Bronson Way (SR 900 west) – Maple Valley | No southbound exit | ||
4.50 | 7.24 | SR 900 west (Sunset Boulevard) to SR 169 south – Renton, Enumclaw | Southern end of SR 900 concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance | |||
5.39 | 8.67 | 5 | SR 900 east (NE Sunset Boulevard) / Park Avenue N – Issaquah | Northern end of SR 900 concurrency | ||
6.48 | 10.43 | 6 | NE 30th Street | |||
7.44 | 11.97 | 7 | NE 44th Street | |||
Bellevue | 9.23 | 14.85 | 9 | 112th Avenue SE, Lake Washington Boulevard – Newcastle | ||
10.17 | 16.37 | 10 | Coal Creek Parkway / Factoria Boulevard SE | |||
11.06 | 17.80 | 11 | Seattle, Spokane | |||
12.78 | 20.57 | 12 | SE 8th Street / 116th Avenue SE | |||
13.54 | 21.79 | 13A | NE 4th Street | |||
13.68 | 22.02 | ♦ | NE 6th Street | HOV 2+ access only northbound, HOV 3+ and toll access only southbound; southern terminus of Express Lanes | ||
13.81 | 22.23 | 13B | NE 8th Street | |||
14.84 | 23.88 | 14 | Seattle, Redmond | Northbound exit ramp has direct entrance from NE 10th Street | ||
Kirkland | 17.43 | 28.05 | 17 | NE 70th Place | ||
18.11 | 29.15 | 18 | NE 85th Street – Kirkland | Former SR 908 | ||
19.84 | 31.93 | 20A | NE 116th Street | Northbound exit and southbound entrance | ||
20.30 | 32.67 | 20B | NE 124th Street / Totem Lake Boulevard | Signed as exit 20 southbound | ||
20.64 | 33.22 | ♦ | NE 128th Street | HOV 2+ access only | ||
21 | NE 132nd Street | Future interchange; southbound exit and northbound entrance | ||||
Bothell | 22.61 | 36.39 | 22 | NE 160th Street | ||
23.53 | 37.87 | 23 | SR 522 to US 2 – Bothell, Woodinville, Kenmore | Signed as exits 23A (east) and 23B (west) southbound | ||
24.46 | 39.36 | 24 | NE 195th Street / Beardslee Boulevard | Northbound exit has direct entrance from SR 522 | ||
Snohomish | 26.73 | 43.02 | 26 | SR 527 north – Bothell, Mill Creek | ||
Vancouver B.C. | Northern terminus | |||||
SR 525 north – Mukilteo | Continuation beyond I-5 | |||||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
|
References
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{{cite map}}
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- ^ "I-405 New 2005 Funded Projects". Washington State Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
- ^ Taxpayers for Common Sense (June 2, 2004). "Road to Ruin" (PDF). Retrieved December 6, 2007.
- ^ "I-405 lane closures, other traffic headaches loom this weekend". The Seattle Times. August 15, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ "I-405 express toll lanes will open on Sept. 27" (Press release). Washington State Department of Transportation. August 20, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
- ^ Lindblom, Mike (September 19, 2015). "Q&A: a guide to using I-405's new express toll lanes". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
- ^ "I-405/Renton to Bellevue Widening and Express Toll Lanes Project". Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ Lindblom, Mike (September 10, 2018). "I-405 nightmares: Can they be fixed with $3 billion in toll lanes, interchanges, bus rapid transit?". The Seattle Times. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ Pappas, Evan (December 1, 2018). "City Council pursues lid park over I-405 as part of Grand Connection". Bellevue Reporter. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ "WSDOT awards contract for new I-405 interchange at Northeast 132nd Street in Kirkland" (Press release). Washington State Department of Transportation. July 14, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ Metro Transit System: Northeast Area (Map). King County Metro. March 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "2018 Service Implementation Plan" (PDF). Sound Transit. December 2017. pp. 140–141, 186–187. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "Park and Ride Utilization" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. June 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ Lindblom, Mike (September 10, 2018). "I-405 nightmares: Can they be fixed with $3 billion in toll lanes, interchanges, bus rapid transit?". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "Transit line naming: Frequently asked questions (FAQs)" (PDF). Sound Transit. April 2020. p. 4. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "I-405 BRT". Sound Transit. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ Lindblom, Mike (January 28, 2022). "I-405 drivers to get triple-deck interchange at Kirkland". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
- ^ "Sound Transit sets baseline budget, schedule for Stride Bus Rapid Transit" (Press release). Sound Transit. July 27, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
External links
- Media related to Interstate 405 (Washington) at Wikimedia Commons
- WSDOT I-405 Corridor Program