Italian spring offensive

Not to be confused with Spring 1945 offensive in Italy.

Italian spring offensive
Part of the Greco-Italian War
The Italian spring offensive (red arrows)
Date 9–16 March 1941 (1 week) Location Italian-controlled Albania, south-east of Berat 40°20′32″N 20°06′19″E / 40.34222°N 20.10528°E / 40.34222; 20.10528 Result Greek victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Italy	Kingdom of Greece
Commanders and leaders
Carlo Geloso	Alexander Papagos
Strength
9 divisions	6 divisions
Casualties and losses
24,000+[1]	1,243 killed 42 missing 4,016 wounded Greco-Italian War
Italian invasion Pindus Elaia–Kalamas Greek counter-offensive Morava–Ivan (Korytsa) Saranda Himara Klisura Pass Trebeshina Italian spring offensive Hill 731

The Italian spring offensive, also known as Operazione Primavera (Operation Spring), was an offensive of the

The operation was to be directed and observed by Mussolini, who arrived in Tirana on 2 March 1941; Italian radio announced that Mussolini would lead the Italian attack.[8]^[9] The offensive began on 9 March, under General Carlo Geloso and started with heavy bombardment of Greek positions by artillery and aircraft.^[10][8] Eleven infantry divisions attacked with the support of the 131st Armored Division "Centauro".^[11] a heavy artillery barrage and air bombardment; on the main sector, held by the Greek 1st Division, over 100,000 shells were dropped on a 6 km (3.7 mi) front. Despite repeated assaults and heavy shelling, the positions of 1st Division held during 9–10 March. The attack was mainly directed against the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 11th, 15th and 17th divisions of the Greek army and was followed by repeated infantry assaults between the rivers Osum and Vjosa, an area dominated by Mount Trebeshinë.^[11]

On 14 March, Italian General Ugo Cavallero, realizing that the attacks had failed, advised Mussolini to stop the offensive.^[12] Fierce fighting occurred on height 731, which was assaulted by the Italians at least 18 times. Attacks, preceded by heavy artillery bombardments, followed daily until 24 March, the last day of the Italian offensive, without achieving any result.^[13] The Greek forces maintained an active defence, which included counter-attacks and systematic exploitation of advantageous terrain. Decisive factors in the Greek success were that Greek artillery was not neutralized and the high morale of the Greek troops.^[8]

Aftermath

Mussolini admitted that the result of the Italian offensive was zero.^[14] Italian casualties amounted to over 11,800 killed and wounded, while the Greeks suffered 1,243 killed, 4,016 wounded and 42 missing in action.^[13] After the Italian failure the Germans could no longer expect any appreciable support from their Italian allies when they marched against Greece, since Greek forces were only 16 kilometres (10 mi) away from the strategic port of Vlorë.^[6] With the German intervention and the subsequent capitulation of Greece in April 1941, the sector around height "731" was proclaimed a holy area by the Italians and a monument was erected by them, due to the heavy casualties they suffered.^[8]

Although it failed, the spring offensive further exhausted the Greek Army which had been fighting a numerically larger power continuously for the past six months with significant British material support.^[15] Following the successful Greek defence, the Greek Army as a whole possessed only a single month's supply of heavy artillery ammunition and insufficient supplies to equip its reserves; requests were immediately sent to their British allies for millions of artillery shells and tens of millions of rifle rounds. This proved to be a logistical impossibility for the British.^[16]

Hitler would never leave his ally, Fascist Italy, to be defeated in the war against Greece, so he had issued orders for Third Reich's military intervention (

Footnotes