Ugo Cavallero

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Ugo Cavallero
Italy
Allegiance Kingdom of Italy
Service/branch Royal Italian Army
Years of service1900–1943
RankMarshal of Italy
Commands heldChief of the Defence Staff
Battles/warsItalo-Turkish War
World War I
World War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Order of the German Eagle (1st class)

Ugo Cavallero (20 September 1880 – 13 September 1943) was an Italian military commander before and during World War II. He was dismissed from his command due to his lacklustre performance, and was arrested upon the fall of Benito Mussolini's regime. Cavallero was later freed by the Germans, but refused to collaborate and was found dead the following day.

Biography

Early life and career

Born in

Piedmont, Cavallero had a privileged childhood as a member of the Italian nobility. After attending military school, Cavallero was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1900. Cavallero later attended college and graduated in 1911, earning a degree in mathematics.[1] A man of vast culture, Cavallero was fluent in both German and English.[2] Still in the army, Cavallero fought in Libya in 1913, during the Italo-Turkish War, and was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor.[3]

In 1907, Cavallero was initiated in the regular

Masonic Lodge "Dante Alighieri" of Turin, which was affiliated to the Grand Orient of Italy.[4] Subsequently, he become a member of the Scottish Rite Serenenissima Gran Loggia d'Italia located in Rome, where on 15 August 1918 he received the 33rd and highest degree.[5]

World War I

In 1915, Cavallero was transferred to the Italian Supreme Command. A skilled organizer and tactician, Cavallero became a

Piave and Vittorio Veneto during World War I. During his time as chief of the plan of Italian General Staff, he developed an antipathy with Pietro Badoglio
, the Sottocapo di Stato Maggiore (vice chief of the staff) of the army.

Interwar period

Cavallero retired from the army in 1919 but later rejoined in 1925, at which time he became

senator in 1926 and in 1927 became a major general
. After leaving the army for a second time, Cavallero became involved in business and diplomatic enterprises throughout the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Cavallero rejoined the army for the third and final time in 1937. Promoted to

general
in 1940.

World War II

Field-Marshal Erwin Rommel (left) during a meeting with Ugo Cavallero (second from the right). General Ettore Bastico is visible next to him (first from the right).

After Italy entered

Greco-Italian War until the spring of 1941. While he managed to halt the Greek advance, Cavallero was unable to break the stalemate until the German intervention.[6] In the meantime, his role as Chief of Staff was filled by General Alfredo Guzzoni
.

On 15 and 19 May 1941 Cavallero, submitted proposals for the Stato Maggiore's complete reorganization to Mussolini. This was implemented in June. The Stato Maggiore Generale was redesignated

Mediterranean that Italy had to fight, his acquiescence to Mussolini's views (for example his insistence on augmenting the Italian contingent fighting on the Eastern Front) led to a fatal dispersion of Italy's meagre resources.[2]

In January 1943, after the definitive loss of the African campaign and the setbacks suffered by the Italian Army in Russia, Cavallero was dismissed and replaced by General Vittorio Ambrosio.[10] In response to Cavallero's dismissal, members of the Fascist leadership like Galeazzo Ciano, openly hostile to him, openly expressed their satisfaction.

After Mussolini's government was toppled by the

Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio ordered the arrest of Cavallero. In a letter written in his own defence, Cavallero claimed he had opposed Mussolini and his regime. After the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, the Germans freed him. Kesselring offered Cavallero command of the forming armed forces of the Italian Social Republic
, but the discovery of the letter led some to question his loyalty.

Death

In the morning of 14 September 1943, he was found dead by a gunshot in the garden of a hotel in Frascati, after having dined and talked with Kesselring the night before. It is still up to debate whether he committed suicide or was assassinated by the Germans. It seems, however, that he firmly expressed his will to refuse to continue collaborating with the Germans.[2]

Honors and awards

Italian

"As General Staff Officer in charge of the Operations Section of the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army gave, during the Austrian offensive, a precious inexhaustible contribution of intelligence, activity and expertise. Always animated by a very high sense of duty, supported even in the most adverse hours by unshakable faith in victory, he was a faithful and enlightened interpreter of the thoughts of the Command, tirelessly providing the most worthy and meritorious work. Vicenza 15 May–15 July 1916."
— Royal Decree Number 24 of 12 August 1916
  • Officer of the Military Order of Savoy
"During three years of war, first as attaché, then as head of the operations office of the Supreme Command, he stood out in every circumstance for his lucid interpretation and prompt execution of the leaders' thoughts. In the coordination of information on the enemy, in the reorganization of the troops, and in the defensive and counter-offensive preparation of the battle from the Astico to the Piave he gave an invaluable contribution to the work of the supreme command, effectively contributing to the victory of our forces. Battle from Astico to the sea, 15-22 June 1918."
— Royal Decree of 27 June 1918
"As supreme commander of the armed forces of Italian East Africa, to deepen the knowledge of all the tactical elements necessary for the operations to be carried out and for a closer and safer contact with the troops located within vast regions that are not easy to navigate, he personally carried out, regardless of any risk or inconvenience, numerous aerial and terrestrial reconnaissances which often took place in adverse weather or in conditions of uncertain safety made such by the latent dangers of predonation, thus giving an example of a high sense of duty, of conscious contempt for danger, and a serene spirit of sacrifice. Sectors and skies of Shoa - Goggiam, January 1938–December 1938.»
"Took on with great zeal and courage the functions of staff officer in charge of the command, assisting effectively for the entire day. Sidi Garbà, 16 May 1913.»
"As Superior Commander of the Armed Forces of the A.O.I., he demonstrated the chosen virtues of a leader and carried out daring and effective command actions in numerous vast operational cycles of the great colonial police. A.O.I., 12 January 1938–15 April 1939."
— Royal Decree 15 May 1940.[11]

Foreign

See also

Notes

  1. ISBN 978-0811734134
    .
  2. ^ a b c Ceva 1979.
  3. ^ Bianchi 2012, p. 57.
  4. ^ Gnocchini, Vittorio (2005). L'Italia dei Liberi Muratori. Milan-Rome: Mimesis-Erasmo. p. 65.
  5. OCLC 825554858
    .
  6. ^ Bianchi 2012, p. 58.
  7. ISBN 1134565151
    .
  8. ISBN 978-1443876766
    .
  9. ISBN 978-1472842589
    .
  10. ^ Tucker 2016, p. 101.
  11. ^ Registrato alla Corte dei Conti lì 30 maggio 1940, registro 18, foglio 190 (in Italian)
  12. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 258.

References

External links
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