Jaunpur Sultanate
Sultanate of Jaunpur (Sharqi dynasty) سلطنت جونپور | |||||||||||
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1394–1493 | |||||||||||
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Capital |
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Common languages | Persian (official) Hindavi, Bhojpuri, Awadhi (common) Arabic (religious) | ||||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||
• 1394–1399 | Malik Sarwar (first) | ||||||||||
• 1458–1493 | Hussain Khan (last) | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1394 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1493 | ||||||||||
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Today part of | India |
The Jaunpur Sultanate (
Origin
The Sharqi dynasty was founded by Malik Sarwar, an
History
Malik Sarwar
In 1389, Malik Sarwar received the title of Khwajah-i-Jahan. In 1394, he was appointed as the governor of Jaunpur and received his title of Malik-us-Sharq from
War with the Ujjainiyas of Bhojpur
During the reign of Malik Sarwar, Jaunpur became embroiled in a 100-year war with the neighbouring Ujjainiyas of Bhojpur in modern-day Bihar. The Ujjainiya chieftain, Raja Harraj was initially successful in the forces of Malik Sarwar however the Ujjainiyas were defeated in subsequent battles and retreated into the forests and resorted to guerrilla warfare.[10]
Mubarak Shah
Malik Sarwar was succeeded by his adopted son Malik Qaranfal after his death, who assumed the title of Mubarak Shah, ruled for three years, and issued coins in his own name.[11] After assuming power in 1399, Mubarak Shah struck coins in his own name and the Khutba was read in his name. During his reign, Mallu Iqbal tried to recover Jaunpur but failed. He was succeeded by his younger brother Ibrahim after he died in 1402,[9] who took the title of Shams-ud-Din Ibrahim Shah.[12]
Ibrahim Shah
The Jaunpur Sultanate attained its greatest height under the younger brother of Mubarak Shah, who ruled as Shams ud-din Ibrahim Shah (ruled 1402–1440). To the east, his kingdom extended to Bihar, and to the west, to Kanauj; he even marched on Delhi at one point. Under the aegis of a Muslim holy man named
Ibrahim Shah was a patron of Islamic learning and established several colleges for this purpose. A large number of scholarly works on Islamic theology and law were produced during his reign, which include the Hashiah-i-Hindi, the Bahar-ul-Mawwaj and the Fatwa-i-Ibrahim Shahi. He constructed several monuments in a new regional style of architecture known as the Sharqi. During his reign, Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah II Tughluq took refuge in Jaunpur to get rid of the control of Mallu Iqbal over him. But he did not treat Sultan Mahmud Shah well.[further explanation needed] As a result, his relations with the Sultan became bitter and Mahmud Shah occupied Kanauj. In 1407, he tried to recover Kanauj but failed. His attempt to conquer Bengal also failed. He was succeeded by his eldest son Mahmud Shah after his death.[9][12]
Mahmud Shah Sharqi
Mahmud Shah Sharqi was successful in conquering Chunar, but failed to capture Kalpi.
Muhammad Shah
On assuming power in 1457, Muhammad Shah made peace with Bahlul Lodi and recognised his right over Shamsabad. He picked up a quarrel with his nobles.[9] In 1458, after his brother Hasan was executed on his order, his other brother Hussain revolted and proclaimed himself as the sultan of Jaunpur, under the title of Hussain Shah. Muhammed Shah was soon killed by Hussain's army in Kanauj.[12]
Hussain Shah
The last ruler Hussain Shah signed a four years' peace treaty with Bahlul Lodi in 1458.[12] Later, in order to invade Delhi reached the banks of the Yamuna with a very large army in 1478. Sultan Bahlul Lodi tried to secure peace by offering to retain only Delhi and govern it as a vassal of Hussain Shah but he rejected the offer.
As a result, Sultan Bahlul crossed the Yamuna and defeated him. Hussain Shah agreed for truce but again captured Etawah and marched towards Delhi with a huge army and he was again defeated by Bahlul Lodi. He was able to make peace this time also. In March 1479, he again arrived at the banks of Yamuna. He was again defeated by Bahlul Lodi and lost the Parganas of Kampil, Patiali, Shamsabad, Suket, Koil, Marhara and Jalesar to the advancing army of the Delhi Sultan. After the successive defeats in the battles of Senha, Rapri and Raigaon Khaga, he was finally defeated on the banks of the Rahab,[14] after which Bahlul Lodi appointed Mubarak Khan to Jaunpur. Hussain Shah re-assembled his forces, expelled Mubarak Khan and re-occupied Jaunpur, until Bahlul drove him out again.[15] As a result of the Sharqi's being pushed back by Bahlul Lodi's advance, the last Sharqi-dated inscriptions in the region of Uttar Pradesh are from 1476 and 1479 in Kannauj and Jaunpur respectively while Sharqi inscriptions in Bihar continued until 1505.[16]
He fled to Kahalgaon in modern-day Bihar, where he was granted asylum by sultan Alauddin Husain Shah and spent his last days there.[12] In 1486, Bahlul Lodi placed his eldest surviving son Barbak Shah Lodi on the throne of Jaunpur. It was during Hussain Shah' rule that a claimant to be the mahdi of all Muslims, Muhammad Jaunpuri, appeared and Hussain Shah was an admirer of him.
Military
Over the course of the fourteenth century, the Jaunpur Sultanate appeared to have been numerically superior to its neighbours when it came number of troops. It has been posited that this was because Jaunpur had many Rajput vassals under the sultans who paid tribute with levies of peasant war-bands. Among the contemporary Rajput clans who were situated in the territory or the peripheries of the Jaunpur Sultans, were the Baghelas of Rewa, the Bachgotis of Sultanpur in Uttar Pardesh, Ujjainiyas of Bhojpur as well as the Tomars of Gwalior.[17]
The support of these Rajput levies were what allowed the last sultan, Hussain Shah, to continue to challenge the Sultans of Delhi. One contemporary source, which may have exaggerated, advises of Juga, the chief of the Bachgoti clan of Rajputs, who is said to have assembled a huge band of army consisting of 2,00,000 infantry and 15,000 cavalry to suppoer the Sultan.[17]
Arts and architecture
The Sharqi rulers of Jaunpur were known for their patronage of learning and architecture. Jaunpur was known as the
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Atala Masjid
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Entrance interior, Atala Masjid, Jaunpur.
Music
The last ruler Hussain Shah assumed the title of Gandharva and contributed significantly in the development of
Coinage
The coin hoards of the Jaunpur Sultan's have mainly been found in the territory of the modern states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India indicating the circulation of Sharqi coins in these regions.[20]
The first two rulers of the Sultanate, Malik Sarwar and Mubarak Shah did not declare their independence from the Delhi Sultanate hence neither struck coins in their own name. Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur was the first of the sultans to issue his own coins when he came to rule in 1402. The known coins were issued in gold, silver and copper. On the obverse of the coins is written:[20]
"Fi zaman al-Imam nai'b Amir al-mominin Abulfath khulidat Khilafatahu"
English translation: "In the time of the Imam, the Deputy of the Commander of the faithful, the father of victory, may the caliphate perpetuate".
His successors, Mahmud Shah and Hussain Shah also continued to mint coins in their own names with billon and copper.[20]
List of Sharqi rulers
Part of a series on the |
Jaunpur Sultanate سلطنت جونپور |
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Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign | |
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Independence from Sultan of Delhi, Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III .
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Khwajah-i-Jahan خواجہ جہاں Malik-us-Sharq ملک الشرق Atabeg-i-Azam اتابک اعظم |
Malik Sarwar | 1394 - 1399 | |
Mubarak Shah مبارک شاہ |
Malik Qaranfal | 1399 - 1402 | |
Shams-ud-Din Ibrahim Shah شمس الدین ابراہیم شاہ |
Ibrahim Khan | 1402 - 1440 | |
Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah ناصر الدین محمود شاہ |
Mahmud Khan | 1440 - 1457 | |
Muhammad Shah محمد شاہ |
Bhi Khan | 1457 - 1458 | |
Hussain Shah حسین شاہ |
Husain Khan | 1458 - 1479 | |
Reabsorbed in Lodi Dynasty
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Family tree
Sharqi Dynasty | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
- ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ a b Hussain, Ejaz (2017). Shiraz-i Hind: A History of Jaunpur Sultanate. Manohar. pp. 76–78.
- ISBN 0226742210.
- ISBN 978-0-253-00316-4.
- ISBN 978-981-19-0059-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7391-1428-5.
- ISBN 9788185026756.
- ^ A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526. Orient Longmans. 1970. p. 714.
- ^ ISBN 81-219-0364-5, pp.264-66
- JSTOR 44139839.
- ISBN 978-1-139-50716-5, retrieved 1 February 2021
- ^ a b c d e Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.186-92
- ^ Goron and Goenka, p. 343.
- ^ ISBN 81-219-0364-5, pp.247-49
- ^ John Allan (1958). Muslim India. the University of Michigan. p. 205.
- ^ Khan, Zahoor Ali (2004). "GEOGRAPHY OF THE SHARQI KINGDOM OF JAUNPUR". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 65: 408–410.
- ^ a b Hussain, Ejaz (2017). Shiraz-i Hind: A History of Jaunpur Sultanate. Manohar. pp. 96–99.
- ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org.
- ^ Hussain, Ejaz (1 January 2017). Shiraz-i Hind: A History of Jaunpur Sultanate. pp. 168–169.
- ^ a b c Ejaz Hussain, Syed (2005). "CURRENCY PATTERN AND MONEY SUPPLY: A STUDY OF COINAGE AND MINT OF JAUNPUR SULTANATE". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 66: 363–378.