Kennewick, Washington
Kennewick, Washington | ||
---|---|---|
FIPS code 53-35275 | | |
GNIS feature ID | 1512347[7] | |
Website | go2kennewick.com |
Kennewick (
The discovery of Kennewick Man along the banks of the Columbia River provides evidence of Native Americans' settlement of the area for at least 9,000 years.[9] American settlers began moving into the region in the late 19th century as transportation infrastructure was built to connect Kennewick to other settlements along the Columbia River. The construction of the Hanford Site at Richland accelerated the city's growth in the 1940s as workers from around the country came to participate in the Manhattan Project. While Hanford and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory continue to be major sources of employment,[10] the city's economy has diversified over time and Kennewick today hosts offices for Amazon and Lamb Weston.[11][12]
History
Native peoples
Native Americans populated the area around modern-day Kennewick for millennia before being discovered and settled by European descendants. These inhabitants consisted of people from the
There are conflicting stories on how Kennewick gained its name, but these narratives attribute it to the Native Americans living in the area. Some reports claim that the name comes from a native word meaning "grassy place".[15] It has also been called "winter paradise", mostly because of the mild winters in the area. In the past, Kennewick has also been known by other names. The area was known as Tehe from 1886 to 1891, and this name appears on early letters sent to the area with the city listed as Tehe, Washington.[16] Other reports claim that the city's name is derived from how locals pronounced the name Chenoythe, who was a member of the Hudson's Bay Company.[17]
Settlement and early 20th century
The
During the 1880s,
In the 1890s, the Northern Pacific Irrigation Company installed pumps and ditches to bring water for agriculture into the Kennewick Highlands. Once there was a reliable water source, orchards and vineyards were planted all over the Kennewick area. Strawberries were another successful crop.[21] The turn of the century saw the creation of the city's first newspaper, the Columbia Courier. Kennewick was officially incorporated on February 5, 1904. and the name of the newspaper changed to the Kennewick Courier in 1905 to reflect this change.[22] In the following decade, an unsuccessful bid attempted to move the seat of Benton County from Prosser to Kennewick. There have been other unsuccessful attempts to make this move throughout the city's history, most recently in 2010.[23][24]
In 1915, the opening of the
Like many other agricultural communities, the Great Depression had an impact in Kennewick. Despite lowered prices for crops grown in the region, the city continued to experience growth, gaining another 400 people during the 1930s. Growth was aided by federal projects that improved the Columbia River. Downstream, Bonneville Dam at Cascade Locks, Oregon allowed larger barges to reach Kennewick. Grand Coulee Dam, located upstream of Kennewick, fostered irrigation across the Columbia Basin north of Pasco, sending more raw material through Kennewick.[13]
Post-war development
An effort to build a new bridge began in 1949 and was funded in 1951 because of increasing traffic between Kennewick and Pasco, largely due to commuters heading to and from the Hanford Site in Richland and McNary Dam, which was under construction near Umatilla, Oregon. The two-lane Green Bridge was the only one for automobiles across the Columbia River in the Tri-Cities at the time, and the 10,000 cars crossing it daily had created traffic problems. A new four-lane divided highway bridge, dubbed the Blue Bridge, opened in 1954 less than 2 miles (3.2 km) upstream from the Green Bridge.[31] The Cable Bridge opened between Kennewick and Pasco in 1978 and was built to replace the Green Bridge. However, demolishing the Green Bridge proved to be controversial. Those seeking to preserve the bridge for historical reasons were able to stall the demolition, but it was eventually torn down in 1990.[32]
Racial discrimination against African Americans was common in Kennewick before the
Kennewick's racial discrimination problems became a contributing factor behind a community college not being built there in the 1950s.[35] In 1963, regional NAACP leaders started pressuring the state government to investigate exclusionary practices and staged demonstrations in front of city hall.[36][37] Initial meetings led the state to determine that while no official policy banning African Americans from the city existed, racial discrimination was a significant barrier to that community living and feeling safe.[33] Despite this, the Washington State Board Against Discrimination indicted Kennewick for its sundown town status.[38][39][40]
1980 to present
The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens caused volcanic ash to fall on Kennewick.[41] Higher accumulations were recorded in surrounding communities, such as Ritzville, and the ash plume was thick enough to trigger street lamps to turn on at noon. Cars that didn't have external filters stopped functioning during the eruption.[42] Kennewick and surrounding areas have been dusted by smaller eruptions of Mount St. Helens since.[43]
The area was connected to the Interstate Highway System in 1986 when construction on Interstate 82 (I-82) between Benton City and the south end of Kennewick was completed.[44] This came after over a decade of fighting between Washington and Oregon regarding the planned route of the freeway. With backing from Tri-Cities and Walla Walla area businesses, Washington had pushed for a route that connected those cities.[45] Oregon eventually opposing proposed routes that didn't cross the Umatilla Bridge, a compromise was reached placing I-82 on its current alignment to the south and southwest of Kennewick while authorizing the construction of Interstate 182 as a spur heading directly into Richland and Pasco.[46][47]
The 1980s also brought the two most serious attempts to merge Kennewick with the other cities in the Tri-Cities, both of which failed. This resulted from an economic down turn in the area caused by the cancellation of two proposed nuclear power plants on the Hanford Site. The first proposal was to consolidate all three cities (Kennewick, Pasco, and Richland) into one, while the second only included Kennewick and Richland. Support for both of these attempts was strong in Richland, but voters in Kennewick and Pasco were not on board.[48]
The
In 1996, an ancient human skeleton was found on a bank of the Columbia River. Known as Kennewick Man, the remains are notable for their age (some 9,300 years). Ownership of the bones has been a matter of controversy with Native American tribes in the Inland Northwest claiming the bones to be from an ancestor of theirs and wanting them to be reburied. After a court litigation, a group of researchers were allowed to study the remains and perform various tests and analyses. They published their results in a book in 2014. A 2015 genetic analysis confirmed the ancient skeleton's ancestry to the Native Americans of the area (some observers contended that the remains were of European origin). The genetic analysis has notably contributed to knowledge about the peopling of the Americas.[51]
Kennewick fared better than most of the state during the Great Recession, primarily due to consistent job growth in the metro area during that time. This was largely driven by the Hanford Site, which only had one significant period of layoffs which briefly caused economic uncertainty. Home sales experienced a small decline from 2007 to 2009, but rebounded in 2010.[52][53] Since the recession, Kennewick has expanded greatly. While growth has been experienced throughout the city, new development has been strongest in the Southridge area along U.S. Route 395 (US 395) and in the west part of the city thanks to their access to major roads and the ample land available in those areas when development started.[54]
Geography
Kennewick is located in Eastern Washington along the south side of the Columbia River and is one of three cities in the Tri-Cities. The other two cities are Richland, which is upstream of Kennewick on the same side of the river, and Pasco, which is across the river. The elevation within the city rises from the river to a line of ridges on the south side of town that are a result of the same anticline that created Badger Mountain and Rattlesnake Mountain.[55] Beyond that line of ridges, the city slopes up toward the Horse Heaven Hills.[56] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.36 square miles (73.45 km2), of which, 26.93 square miles (69.75 km2) is land and 1.43 square miles (3.70 km2) is water.[57] The former community of Vista is now a neighborhood fully contained within Kennewick.
The city overlies basalt laid down by the Columbia River Basalt Group, which was a type of volcanic eruption known as a flood basalt. This erupted from fissures that were geographically spread throughout eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and far western Idaho. Most of the lava erupted between 17 and 14 million years ago, with smaller eruptions lasting as late as 6 million years ago.[58][59] The nearest eruptive vent to Kennewick from this period is near Ice Harbor Dam along the Snake River upstream of Burbank and Pasco. While outcroppings from the basalt flows can be seen throughout Kennewick, they are mostly buried by sediments.[60]
The first major sediment deposit following the eruptions is the
Climate
Kennewick has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), that closely borders on a desert climate (Köppen BWk) due to its position east of the Cascade Mountains.[66] The Cascades create an effective rain shadow, causing Kennewick to receive a fraction of the precipitation that cities west of the mountains like Portland and Seattle get annually, with values being more similar to that of Phoenix, Arizona. The mountains also insulate Kennewick from the moderating effects of the Pacific Ocean, allowing the city to experience more extreme temperatures.[67][68]
Before McNary Dam was built on the Columbia River downstream of Kennewick, the river would periodically flood. The worst of these floods happened in 1948 and caused one death and $50 million ($533.6 million in 2019) worth of damage.[69] The government responded by building the McNary Levee System to protect lower parts of town.[70] Floods like this were the result of melting snow, and were most extreme when a heavy snowpack developed in the mountains over winter followed by a strong regional heatwave. The flood threat from the Columbia has significantly decreased since dams were built.[71] Zintel Canyon Dam located near the Southridge Sports and Events Complex was built to protect parts of the city from a 100-year flood. While the creek that flows through Zintel Canyon typically runs dry, summer thunderstorms in the Horse Heaven Hills can generate destructive flash floods.[72]
Laying at the bottom of a basin,
The average annual wind speed in Kennewick is 8 miles per hour (13 km/h), but strong winds are a common occurrence in Kennewick and can sometimes cause damage.
Summer brings extreme heat and low humidity, which are ideal conditions for
Climate data for Kennewick, Washington, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 74 (23) |
74 (23) |
87 (31) |
95 (35) |
104 (40) |
114 (46) |
115 (46) |
115 (46) |
100 (38) |
89 (32) |
79 (26) |
72 (22) |
115 (46) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 59.5 (15.3) |
61.8 (16.6) |
70.8 (21.6) |
81.5 (27.5) |
91.4 (33.0) |
97.9 (36.6) |
103.4 (39.7) |
102.1 (38.9) |
92.9 (33.8) |
80.1 (26.7) |
68.1 (20.1) |
59.8 (15.4) |
104.4 (40.2) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 41.7 (5.4) |
48.1 (8.9) |
58.1 (14.5) |
66.3 (19.1) |
75.3 (24.1) |
82.0 (27.8) |
91.3 (32.9) |
90.3 (32.4) |
80.5 (26.9) |
65.9 (18.8) |
50.9 (10.5) |
41.5 (5.3) |
66.0 (18.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 35.5 (1.9) |
39.5 (4.2) |
47.0 (8.3) |
54.3 (12.4) |
62.7 (17.1) |
69.2 (20.7) |
76.8 (24.9) |
75.8 (24.3) |
66.8 (19.3) |
54.5 (12.5) |
42.9 (6.1) |
35.6 (2.0) |
55.1 (12.8) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 29.6 (−1.3) |
31.0 (−0.6) |
36.2 (2.3) |
42.5 (5.8) |
50.4 (10.2) |
56.7 (13.7) |
62.7 (17.1) |
61.6 (16.4) |
53.5 (11.9) |
43.4 (6.3) |
35.2 (1.8) |
30.0 (−1.1) |
44.4 (6.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 15.3 (−9.3) |
18.8 (−7.3) |
26.1 (−3.3) |
33.5 (0.8) |
40.1 (4.5) |
48.4 (9.1) |
54.5 (12.5) |
53.3 (11.8) |
43.8 (6.6) |
30.7 (−0.7) |
22.5 (−5.3) |
16.8 (−8.4) |
10.0 (−12.2) |
Record low °F (°C) | −27 (−33) |
−23 (−31) |
8 (−13) |
18 (−8) |
26 (−3) |
35 (2) |
38 (3) |
37 (3) |
21 (−6) |
14 (−10) |
−8 (−22) |
−29 (−34) |
−29 (−34) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.13 (29) |
0.79 (20) |
0.66 (17) |
0.61 (15) |
0.81 (21) |
0.59 (15) |
0.20 (5.1) |
0.17 (4.3) |
0.26 (6.6) |
0.66 (17) |
0.86 (22) |
1.13 (29) |
7.87 (201) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.3 (3.3) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
2.2 (5.55) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.1 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 6.3 | 8.9 | 10.5 | 77.2 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
Source 1: NOAA[83] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: National Weather Service[84] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1900 | 183 | — | |
1910 | 1,219 | 566.1% | |
1920 | 1,684 | 38.1% | |
1930 | 1,519 | −9.8% | |
1940 | 1,918 | 26.3% | |
1950 | 10,106 | 426.9% | |
1960 | 14,244 | 40.9% | |
1970 | 15,212 | 6.8% | |
1980 | 34,397 | 126.1% | |
1990 | 42,155 | 22.6% | |
2000 | 54,693 | 29.7% | |
2010 | 73,917 | 35.1% | |
2020 | 83,921 | 13.5% | |
Population History[85] U.S. Decennial Census[86][87] |
2020 census
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[88] | Pop 2010[89] | Pop 2020[90] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
42,720 | 50,835 | 49,699 | 78.11% | 68.77% | 59.22% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
579 | 1,144 | 1,450 | 1.06% | 1.55% | 1.73% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
396 | 477 | 488 | 0.72% | 0.65% | 0.58% |
Asian alone (NH) | 1,153 | 1,705 | 2,308 | 2.11% | 2.31% | 2.75% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 45 | 123 | 336 | 0.08% | 0.17% | 0.40% |
Other race alone (NH) | 66 | 125 | 391 | 0.12% | 0.17% | 0.47% |
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 1,231 | 1,599 | 3,942 | 2.25% | 2.16% | 4.70% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 8,503 | 17,909 | 25,307 | 15.55% | 24.23% | 30.16% |
Total | 54,693 | 73,917 | 83,921 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
2010 census
As of the
Of the 27,266 households, 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.0% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of single individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.22.[91]
The median age in the city was 32.6 years. 28.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 23.8% were from 45 to 64; and 10.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.[91]
2000 census
As of the
There were 20,786 households, out of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.6 and the average family size was 3.15.[92]
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.[92]
The median income for a household in the city was $41,213, and the median income for a family was $50,011. Males had a median income of $41,589 versus $26,022 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,152. About 9.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.[92]
Economy
Many agricultural commodities are grown near Kennewick, and many of these pass through the city to be processed and/or transported to other markets for consumption.
The region is experiencing consistent job growth, which is creating a large population boom. Home prices have increased by about 10% annually in Kennewick for the past several years, with slower increases having occurred before 2016.[94] Despite this growth, unemployment remained above both the national and state averages in 2020.[100] Recently, industrial growth in Hermiston and at the Port of Morrow in Boardman has led to an increase in the number of Kennewick residents who commute to those areas for work.[101] This is further enhanced by a housing shortage in northeast Oregon.[102][103]
Culture
Kennewick hosts a number of events throughout the year, many of which are held outdoors in public parks during the warm season.
Benton and Franklin Counties combine to host a single fair at the end of each summer at the fairgrounds off SR 397 in east Kennewick. Like many other county fairs across the United States, the fair has livestock exhibitions, retail, carnival rides, and concerts.[109] Also on site during the fair is a rodeo named the Horse Heaven Round-Up.[110]
Tourism
The arid climate and warm temperatures during the summer draw people to Kennewick from around the Pacific Northwest. Many summertime visitors engage in boating and other water related activities in the Columbia, Snake, and Yakima rivers.[111] The city and port district work together to further develop tourism throughout the city. This includes recent improvements to Clover Island, which has a hotel, lighthouse, and the Ice Harbor Brewing Company.[112][113][114] Adjacent to Clover Island is historic downtown, which has many antique and clothing shops. As of 2020[update], work is ongoing to develop the former Vista Field area in the west side of town into a mixed-use development that will include shopping.[115]
Kennewick lies near the center of Washington's wine country, which stretches from the Yakima Valley through the Columbia Basin and Horse Heaven Hills east to the Walla Walla Valley. There are several American Viticultural Areas near town. Wine tasting is a major part of the Tri-Cities tourism economy, with over 300 wineries and wine bars rooms in the area.[116] The city actively markets this to bring in visitors.[117] Cruises travel up the Columbia from Portland with a stop in the Tri-Cities to tour wineries in the area.[118]
Sports
Club | Sport | League | Venue (capacity) |
Founded | Titles | Record Attendance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tri-City Americans | Ice hockey | WHL | Toyota Center (5,694) |
1988 | 0 | 6,053 |
Tri-City Dust Devils | Baseball | MiLB | Gesa Stadium (3,700) |
1979 | 1 | 2,701 |
Kennewick hosts two professional sports team, the Tri-City Americans of the Western Hockey League and the Tri-City Dust Devils (baseball). The Tri-City Americans play at the Toyota Center.[119][120] The Tri-City Dust Devils (a farm team of the Los Angeles Angels) plays at Gesa Stadium in Pasco.[121]
The Tri-City Americans were one of the original teams in the Western Hockey League, starting in
The Tri-Cities Fire was an indoor football team that played in a league with three other teams. The team was founded in 2019, bringing indoor football back to the Toyota Center after the
Professional minor league baseball teams have played in Kennewick starting as early as 1950 with the Tri-City Braves. Other teams included the Tri-City Atoms, the Tri-City A's, the Tri-City Triplets, and the Tri-City Ports. All of these played at Sanders-Jacobs Field, which has since been demolished.[128] The Tri-City Posse preceded the Dust Devils playing at GESA Stadium. The city presently hosts the Atomic City Rollergirls, an amateur roller derby team.[129] Washington State University occasionally plays basketball at the Toyota Center.[130] The Harlem Globetrotters frequently put the Toyota Center on their annual tour.
Media
The only daily newspaper published in the Tri-Cities, the Tri-City Herald, is based in downtown Kennewick.[131] The Tri-Cities Journal of Business is a monthly print publication that is also located in Kennewick and also has a significant online presence. The Journal of Business also publishes the Senior Times, whose target demographic is Tri-Citians who are 60 years or older.[132][133] The city hosts Tú Decides, a bilingual weekly news publication that is both in print and online. Tú Decides is available in both Spanish and English.[134] Richland based Tumbleweird is an alternative newspaper published monthly that covers the Tri-Cities.[135]
Kennewick and the Tri-Cities share a
Parks and recreation
Kennewick's low precipitation values and mild-to-warm weather provide opportunities for outdoor recreation throughout much of the year. The city's Parks and Recreation Department operates 27 parks plus other facilities for the public to use. Many parks have shelters that can be reserved for events, with most of them offering playgrounds.[143] There are three athletic complexes throughout the city as well.[144] The Parks and Recreation Department also maintains several hiking and bike trails in the city, including the portion of the Sacagawea Heritage Trail that passes through Kennewick.[145]
The largest park in the city's system is
In the early 2010s, the city built the 52 acres (21 ha)
Government
Kennewick is a code city that operates under the council–manager form of government. The city council has seven members, four of which are elected at-large while three are elected by the city's three electoral wards.[154] The mayor is selected by the councilmembers. Kennewick's city manager serves under the direction of the city council, and administers and coordinates the delivery of municipal services.[155]
The City of Kennewick is a full-service city, providing
The citizens of Kennewick are represented in the
Education
Out of the city's residents who are 25 years or older, 88% hold a high school diploma (or equivalent) with 24% holding a bachelor's degree or better. These rates are higher than Pasco, but lower than Richland.[160] Kennewick does not have any post-secondary institutions, but is located near Columbia Basin College in Pasco and Washington State University Tri-Cities in Richland.[161][162]
Public schools located in the city are part of the
There are five private schools for educating children in Kennewick. Many of these are run by Christian churches, including St. Joseph's Catholic School and Bethlehem Lutheran School.[167][168]
Infrastructure
Transportation
The nearest
Utilities
Water and sewer services are provided by the city, with electricity coming from Benton Public Utility District. Natural gas comes from
Nearly 80% of Kennewick's energy is
Health care
The largest hospital in Kennewick is Trios, located in the Southridge area. Kennewick General Hospital rebranded to Trios upon the opening of their Southridge hospital. Prior to this, the system's primary hospital was located near Kennewick High School on a campus that continues to be used for medical care. Trios also operates clinics and urgent care facilities throughout the Tri-Cities.[178] The main Trios Hospital has 111 beds for treating patients. Having many clinics around the Tri-Cities, Kadlec Regional Medical Center in Richland is another major health care provider in Kennewick with Miramar Health Center, a Yakima Valley focused provider, also having a clinic.[179]
Trios is a Level III trauma center and is the only hospital in the Tri-Cities that is a designated as a pediatric trauma center.[180] Kadlec is a Level II trauma center and often receives victims from car accidents.[181] Patients needing further care are often transported to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, which is the only Level I trauma center in the Pacific Northwest.[182] Children with significant medical needs are often treated at Seattle Children's. Seattle Children's operates a clinic in Kennewick.[183]
Notable people
- Adelle August, actress and 1952 Miss Washington USA[184]
- Stu Barnes, former Tri-City Americans and NHL player, now an assistant coach with the Dallas Stars[185]
- Jeremy Bonderman, Major League Baseball pitcher, Detroit Tigers[186]
- Adam Carriker, defensive end for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League and graduate of Kennewick High School[187]
- Rick Emerson, former radio personality[188]
- Janet Krupin, actress, singer, writer, and producer[189]
- NHL goaltender, Washington Capitals[190]
- Damon Lusk, NASCAR driver[191]
- Ray Mansfield, National Football League player, center, Pittsburgh Steelers[192]
- Michael McShane, United States Judge for the District of Oregon[193]
- Leilani Mitchell, Professional basketball player[194]
- Travis Nelson, Oregon Legislator and graduate of Kennewick High School[195]
- Shawn O'Malley, Major League Baseball outfielder, Seattle Mariners[196]
- NBA player[197]
- Edmonton Eskimos[198]
- Cleveland Indians[199]
- Brittney Zamora, racing driver
See also
References
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