Kingdom of Hejaz

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Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz
المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية
Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāzyah Al-Hāshimīyah
1916–1925
Coat of arms (1920–1925) of Hejaz
Coat of arms
(1920–1925)
Ethnic groups
Arabs
Religion
Sunni Islam
Demonym(s)Hejazi
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
King 
• 1916–1924
Hussein bin Ali
• 1924–1925
Ali bin Hussein
Historical era
Abdulaziz
crowned King of Hejaz 		8 January 1926
Population
• 1920
850,000
• 1925[1]
900,000
Currency
Hejazi riyal
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Ottoman Hejaz
Sharifian Caliphate
Hejaz and Nejd
Today part ofSaudi Arabia
Jordan
Part of a series on the
History of Saudi Arabia
ARABIA
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The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (

Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty. It was self-proclaimed as a kingdom in June 1916 during the First World War, to be independent from the Ottoman Empire, on the basis of an alliance with the British Empire to drive the Ottoman Army from the Arabian Peninsula during the Arab Revolt
.

The British government had

Sharifian solution
.

Relations with the

Jews were allowed to move to Palestine. Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, and, in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system, stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners".[2] A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24 and negotiations were suspended in March 1924;[3] within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's kingdom.[4][5]

On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was unified with the other Saudi dominions, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[6][7]

Background

In 1908, The Young Turks took over the Ottoman Empire, and in 1909 when a counter-coup failed, The Young Turks "secularized" the government. Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, was appointed by the previous Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and did not favor the Young Turks, his opposition to the empire grew over time, culminating to the Arab Revolt.[8]

History

In their capacity as Caliphs, the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire would appoint an official known as the Sharif of Mecca. The role went to a member of the Hashemite family, but the Sultans typically promoted Hashemite intra-familial rivalries in their choice, preventing the building of a solid base of power in the Sharif.

With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Sultan, Mehmed V, in his capacity as Caliph, declared a jihad against the Entente powers. The British in particular hoped to co-opt the Sharif as a weighty alternative religious figure backing them in the conflict. The British already had a series of treaties with other Arab leaders in the region and were also fearful that the Hejaz could be used as a base to attack their shipping to and from India.

The Sharif was cautious but, after discovering that the Ottomans planned to remove and possibly murder him, agreed to work with the British if they would support a wider Arab Revolt and the establishment of an independent Arab Kingdom — the British implied they would. After the Ottomans executed other Arab nationalist leaders in Damascus and Beirut, the Hejaz rose against and soundly defeated them, almost completely expelling them (Medina remaining under Ottoman control throughout).

In June 1916, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, declared himself King of Hejaz as his Sharifian Army participated with other Arab Forces and the British Empire in expelling the Ottomans from the Arabian Peninsula.[9][10]

The US State Department quotes an aide-mémoire dated 24 October 1917 given by the Arab Bureau to the American Diplomatic Agency in Cairo confirming that

...Great Britain, France and Russia agreed to recognize the Sherif as lawful independent ruler of the Hedjaz and to use the title of "King of the Hedjaz" when addressing him, and a note to this effect was handed to him on 10 December 1916.[11]

Hejaz (left, in brown) at the end of World War I

The British, though, were compromised by their agreement to give the French control of Syria (comprising modern-day Syria and Lebanon) and did not, in Hussein's eyes, honour their commitments. Nevertheless, they did eventually create Hashemite-ruled kingdoms (in protectorate form) in Transjordan and in Iraq, as well as Hejaz. The changing boundaries of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet contributed to uncertainties between the neighbouring Hashemite kingdoms, particularly the competing claim with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an, including the cities of Ma'an and Aqaba.

King Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, and in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners."[2] A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24, and negotiations were suspended in March 1924;[3] within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's Kingdom.[4]

The League of Nations Covenant provided for membership to the signatories of the Peace Treaties; the Hejaz was one of two (the other one was the United States) that failed to ratify Versailles.[12][13]

Kings of Hejaz

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Hussein bin Ali
  • حسين بن علي
(1854-05-01)1 May 1854 – 4 June 1931(1931-06-04) (aged 77)10 June 19163 October 1924
(abdicated)		Son of Ali bin Muhammad and Salha bint Gharam al-ShaharHashemiteHussein bin Ali of Hejaz
Ali bin Hussein
  • علي بن حسين
1879 – 13 February 1935
(aged 55–59)		3 October 192419 December 1925
(deposed)		Son of Hussein bin Ali and Abdiya bin AbdullahHashemiteAli bin Hussein of Hejaz

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ben Chaoon. "Saudi Arabia". WorldStatesmen.org. Ben M. Cahoon. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b Mousa 1978, p. 185.
  3. ^ a b Huneidi 2001, pp. 71–72.
  4. ^ a b Huneidi 2001, p. 72.
  5. ISBN 978-1-84511-824-2
  6. ^ Madawi Al Rasheed. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  7. ^ A Brief overview of Hejaz – Hejaz history
  8. ^ Dividing the Middle East – The Great Loot – Extra History – #1, archived from the original on 17 November 2021, retrieved 24 March 2021
  9. ISBN 978-0-900891-48-9
  10. ISBN 978-0-8147-8271-2
  11. ^ Division of Near Eastern Affairs (1931). Mandate for Palestine (PDF) (Report). US State Department. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  12. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e519
    . Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  13. ^ LoN Hejaz, HC Deb 17 March 1930 vol 236 c1714.

Bibliography

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