Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
| Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mutasarrifate of the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||
| 1872–1917 | |||||||||
.svg) Flag | |||||||||
_LA_SYRIE.jpg) Vital Cuinet's 1896 map of Syria, including the "Mutessariflik de Jerusalem" | |||||||||
| Capital | Jerusalem | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• 1862[2] | 12,486 km2 (4,821 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1897[1] | 298,653 | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1872 | ||||||||
• British conquest | 1917 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Egypt Israel Jordan Palestine | ||||||||
The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (
Sanjak of Jerusalem, was an Ottoman district with special administrative status established in 1872.[3][4][5] The district encompassed Jerusalem as well as Hebron, Jaffa, Gaza and Beersheba.[6] During the late Ottoman period, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was commonly referred to as Palestine;[3] a very late Ottoman document describes Palestine as including the Sanjak of Nablus and Sanjak of Akka (Acre) as well, more in line with European usage.[nb 1] It was the 7th most heavily populated region of the Ottoman Empire's 36 provinces.[7]
The district was separated from the
Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1841, and formally created as an independent province in 1872 by Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha.[8] Scholars provide a variety of reasons for the separation, including increased European interest in the region, and strengthening of the southern border of the Empire against the Khedivate of Egypt.[8][4] Initially, the Mutasarrifate of Acre and Mutasarrifate of Nablus were combined with the province of Jerusalem, with the combined province being referred to in the register of the court of Jerusalem as the "Jerusalem Eyalet", and referred to by the British consul as the creation of "Palestine into a separate eyalet".[4] After less than two months,[4] the sanjaks of Nablus and Acre were separated and added to the Vilayet of Beirut, leaving just the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.[9] In 1906, the Kaza of Nazareth was added to the Jerusalem Mutasarrifate as an exclave,[10] primarily in order to allow the issuance of a single tourist permit to Christian travellers.[11] The area was conquered by the Allied Forces in 1917 during World War I[12] and a military Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, OETA South, was set up to replace the Ottoman administration.[13] OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine
in 1923.
The political status of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was unique from other Ottoman provinces as it was under the direct authority of the Ottoman government in Constantinople.[5] The inhabitants identified themselves primarily on religious terms, 84% being Muslim Arabs.[14] The district's villages were normally inhabited by farmers while its towns were populated by merchants, artisans, landowners and money-lenders. The elite consisted of the religious leadership, wealthy landlords and high-ranking civil servants.[14]
History
Lydda
from the southwest, 1890–1900In 1841, the district was separated from
Syria Vilayet (created in 1864, following the Tanzimat
reforms).
The southern border of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was redrawn in 1906, at the instigation of the British, who were interested in safeguarding their imperial interests and in making the border as short and patrollable as possible.[15]
In the mid-19th century the inhabitants of Palestine identified themselves primarily in terms of religious affiliation. The population was 84% Muslim Arabs, 10% Christian Arabs, 5% Jewish, and 1%
Ottoman Parliament[5] after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution
.
The area was conquered by the Allied Forces in 1917 during the Palestine campaign of World War I[12] and a military Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA South) set up to replace the Ottoman administration.[13] OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South became the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923, with some border adjustments with Lebanon and Syria.
Boundaries
The division was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean, on the east by the
River Jordan and the Dead Sea, on the north by a line from the mouth of the river Auja to the bridge over the Jordan near Jericho, and on the south by a line from midway between Gaza and Arish to Aqaba.[16]
Maps
Below are a series of contemporary Ottoman maps showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Sancağı" or "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrıflığı". The 1907 maps show the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the
Negev Desert
is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine).
-
1883 -
1889 -
1889 -
1893 -
c.1900 -
1907 -
1907 -
1912-13
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.jpg)
Administrative divisions
Administrative divisions of the Mutasarrifate (1872–1909):
- Arabic: قضاء بئر السبع), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
- al-Mulayha, created in 1908 as a midway point between Hafir and Aqaba[17]
- Arabic: بلدية بئر السبع), created in 1901
- Arabic: قضاء غزة), which included three sub-districts and a municipality:
- Arabic: ناحية الفالوجة), created in 1903
- Arabic: ناحية خان يونس), created in 1903 and became a municipality in 1917
- Arabic: ناحية المجدل), created in 1880
- Arabic: بلدية غزة), created in 1893
- Arabic: قضاء الخليل), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
- Arabic: ناحية بيت عطاب), created in 1903
- Arabic: ناحية بيت جبرين), created in 1903
- Arabic: بلدية الخليل), created in 1886
- Arabic: قضاء يَافَا), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
- Arabic: ناحية نعلين), created in 1903
- Arabic: ناحية الرملة), created in 1880, became municipality before 1888 and re-established as sub-district in 1889
- Arabic: ... بلدية)
- Arabic: قضاء القدس الشريف), which included four sub-districts and two municipalities:
- Arabic: ناحية عبوين), created in 1903;
- Arabic: ناحية بيت لحم), created in 1883 and became a municipality in 1894;
- Arabic: ناحية رام الله), created in 1903 and became a municipality in 1911,
- Arabic: ناحية صفّا),
- Arabic: بلدية القدس الشريف), created in 1867 and
- Arabic: بلدية بيت جالا), created in 1912.
- Arabic: قضاء الْنَاصِرَة), established 1906.
Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem
The Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem were appointed by the
Ottoman Turkish.[18]
Pre-separation from Damascus
- Sureyya Pasha 1857–63
- Izzet Pasha 1864–67
- Nazif Pasha 1867–69
- Kamil Pasha 1869–71
- Ali Bey 1871–72
Post-separation from Damascus
- Nazif Pasha (same as above) 1872–73
- Kamil Pasha (same as above) 1873–75
- Ali Bey (same as above) 1874–76
- Faik Bey 1876–77
- Mehmed Rauf Pasha 1877–89
- Resad Pasha 1889–90
- Ibrahim Hakki Pasha 1890–97
- Mehmet Tevfik Biren 1897–01
- Mehmet Cavit Bey1901–02
- Osman Kazim Bey 1902–04
- Ahmed Resid Bey 1904–06
- Ali Ekrem Bolayır 1906–08
Post-Young Turk Revolution
List of mutasarrıfs after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution:
- Subhi Bey 1908–09
- Nazim Bey 1909–10
- Azmi Bey 1910–11
- Cevdet Bey 1911–12
- Mehdi Frashëri (Muhdi Bey) 1912
- Tahir Hayreddin Bey 1912–13
- Ahmed Macid Bey 1913–15
See also
- Ottoman Syria
- History of Jerusalem
- Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
- Timeline of the name "Palestine"
Notes
- ^ The 1915 Filastin Risalesi ("Palestine Document") is a country survey of the VIII Corps of the Ottoman Army, which identified Palestine as a region including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif). "The new expanded use of the designation Filistin by the Ottoman military authorities in Risalesi therefore, is novel, but not arbitrary," since the boundaries of Filistin were never precisely defined; see Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 2: Ethnography and Cartography, Salim Tamari
References
- ^ Mutlu (2003). Corrected population for Mortality Level=8.
- ^ The Popular Encyclopedia (1862).
- ^ a b Büssow (2011), p. 5.
- ^ a b c d Abu-Manneh (1999), p. 39.
- ^ a b c Jankowski & Gershoni (1997), p. 174.
- ^ Beshara (2012), pp. 23.
- ^ Karpat (1985), p. 210.
- ^ a b c Abu-Manneh (1999), p. 38.
- ^ Büssow (2011), pp. 41–44.
- ^ Kark (1994), p. 131.
- ^ Büssow (2011), p. 70.
- ^ a b Powles & Wilkie (1922), pp.167-168.
- ^ a b Macmunn & Falls, p. 607.
- ^ a b c El-Hasan (2010), p. 38.
- ^ Gardus & Shmueli, eds. (1978–79), pp. 369–370.
- ^ Abu-Manneh (1999), pp. 43-44 note 27.
- ^ a b Kushner (2005), p. 96.
- ^ Kushner (July 1987).
Bibliography
- Abu-Manneh, Butrus (1999). "The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century". In Ilan Pappé (ed.). The Israel/Palestine Question. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-16948-6. Retrieved 2022-02-12.
- Büssow, Johann (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved 2022-02-12.
- El-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2010). Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?. Algora Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-87586-793-9. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
- Gardus, Yehuda; Shmueli, Avshalom, eds. (1978–79). [The Land of the Negev] (in Hebrew). Ministry of DefensePublishing. pp. 369–370.
- Jankowski, James P.; Gershoni, Israel (1997). Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East. Columbia University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-231-10695-5. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
- Macmunn, G. F.; Falls, C. (1930). Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine, From June 1917 to the End of the War Part II. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. accompanying Map Case (1st ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 656066774. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- Powles, Lieut.-Col. C. Guy; Wilkie, Alexander Herbert (1922). "Chapter VI: The Capture of Jerusalem". The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: OCLC 2959465. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-8143-2523-0. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
- ISBN 978-0-299-09160-6. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
Table IV.2 Population Density per km2, and Density Rank, 1894/95 (R. 1310), "Qudūs": Rank 7, with population of 247,000 and density of 26.33 per km2; underlying source IUKTY 9075
- Kushner, David (July 1987). "The Ottoman Governors of Palestine, 1864–1914". JSTOR 4283185.
- Kushner, David (2005). To be governor of Jerusalem: the city and district during the time of Ali Ekrem Bey, 1906–1908. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-975-428-310-5.
- Mutlu, Servet (2003). "Late Ottoman population and its ethnic distribution" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Population Studies. 25. Ankara: Hacettepe University: 3-38 (see 29–31). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
- Shehadeh, Lamia Rustum (2011). "The name of Syria in ancient and modern usage". In Beshara, Adel (ed.). The origins of Syrian nationhood: histories, pioneers and identity. Routledge. pp. 17-29 [see 23]. ISBN 9780415615044. Retrieved 2022-02-12.
- "Turkey: Names and Areas of the Eyalets and Sanjaks of the Turkish Empire". The Popular Encyclopedia: or, Conversations Lexicon. Vol. VI. London: Blackie and Son. 1862. p. 698. Retrieved 2013-06-01.