Lê Văn Khôi revolt

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Lê Văn Khôi revolt
Part of
Siamese–Vietnamese Wars

The Citadel of Saigon was taken over by the rebels on 18 May 1833 and held more than two years until September 1835.
Date1833–1835
Location
Southern Vietnam
Result Nguyễn dynasty victory
Belligerents
Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam
)		 Nguyễn dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Lê Văn Khôi †
Thái Công Triều
Nguyễn Văn Tâm †
Lê Văn Cù Executed
Joseph Marchand Executed		 Minh Mạng
Tống Phúc Lương
Nguyễn Xuân
Phan Văn Thúy
Trương Minh Giảng
Trần Văn Năng
Strength
Siamese troops and 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops [1] Unknown
Casualties and losses
1,831 people were executed[2]
Only 6 survivors were temporarily spared[3]		 Unknown

The Lê Văn Khôi revolt (Vietnamese: Cuộc nổi dậy Lê Văn Khôi, 1833–1835) was an important revolt in 19th-century Vietnam, in which southern Vietnamese, Vietnamese Catholics, French Catholic missionaries and Chinese settlers under the leadership of Lê Văn Khôi opposed the Imperial rule of Emperor Minh Mạng.

Origin

The revolt was caused by the prosecutions launched by Minh Mạng against southern factions which had opposed his rule and tended to be favourable to Christianity. In particular, Minh Mạng prosecuted Lê Văn Duyệt, a former faithful general of Emperor Gia Long, who had opposed his enthronement.[4] Since Lê Văn Duyệt had already died in July 1832, his tomb was profaned and inscribed with the words "This is the place where the infamous Lê Văn Duyệt was punished".[2]

Start of the revolt

Prince Cảnh
(here during his 1787 visit in Paris).

Lê Văn Khôi, the adoptive son of general Lê Văn Duyệt, had also been imprisoned, but managed to escape on 10 May 1833.[2] Soon, numerous people joined the revolt, in the desire to avenge Lê Văn Duyệt and challenge the legitimacy of the Nguyễn dynasty.[5]

Catholic support

Lê Văn Khôi declared himself in favour of the restoration of the line of

Prince Cảnh, the original heir to Gia Long according to the rule of primogeniture, in the person of his remaining son An-hoa.[6] This choice was designed to obtain the support of Catholic missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics, who had supported the line of Prince Cảnh with Lê Văn Duyệt.[6] Lê Văn Khôi further promised to protect Catholicism.[6]

On 18 May 1833, the rebels managed to take the

Gia Dinh in the span of one month.[2] The main actors of the revolt were Vietnamese Christians and Chinese settlers who had been suffering from the rule of Minh Mạng.[5]

Siamese support

As Minh Mạng raised an army to quell the rebellion, Lê Văn Khôi fortified himself into the Saigon fortress and asked for the help of the

Truong Minh Giang.[7] Lê Văn Khôi died in 1834, during the siege, and was succeeded by his 8-year-old son Le Van Cu.[2]

Defeat and repression

Torture and execution of Father Joseph Marchand, on 5 November 1835
Execution of Jean-Charles Cornay, 20 September 1837

It took three years for Minh Mạng to quell the rebellion and the Siamese offensive. When the fortress of Phien An was invaded in September 1835,[6] 1,831 people were executed and buried in mass graves (now situated in District 3, Saigon).[2] Only six survivors were temporarily spared,[3] among whom were Le Van Cu, but also the French missionary Father Joseph Marchand, of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. Marchand had apparently been supporting the cause of Lê Văn Khôi, and asked for the help of the Siamese army, through communications to his counterpart in Siam, Father Taberd. This revealed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt.[2] Father Marchand was tortured and executed on 5 November 1835, as was the child Le Van Cu.[2]

The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the Christian communities of Vietnam.

Pierre Borie.[8][9]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c McLeod, p. 31
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chapuis, p. 192
  3. ^ a b Nghia M. Vo – Saigon: A History – Page 53 2011 "The six principal leaders were sent to Huế to be executed. Among them were the French missionary Marchand, accused of being the leader of the Catholic rebel group; Nguyễn Văn Trấm, the leader of the hồi lương who took the command of the revolt after Lê Văn Khôi's death in 1834; and Lưu Tín, the Chinese leader."
  4. ^ Chapuis, p. 191
  5. ^ a b c Wook, p. 95
  6. ^ a b c d e f McLeod, p. 30
  7. ^ McLeod, pp. 30–31
  8. ^ McLeod, p. 32
  9. ^ The Cambridge History of Christianity, p. 517

References

  • Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group.
    ISBN 978-0-313-29622-2
    .
  • McLeod, Mark W. (1991). The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874. Praeger.
    ISBN 0-275-93562-0
    .
  • Choi Byung, Wook (2004). Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): central policies and local response. SEAP Publications.
    ISBN 0-87727-138-0
    .
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