Great Hanoi Rat Massacre

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
Bubonic Plague caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria.
TargetRats
ParticipantsGovernment-General of French Indochina, professional rat-catching services, and vigilante rat hunters
OutcomeBounty programme cancelled, other anti-pandemic measures taken.
Casualties
Hundreds of thousands of rats (reported between April and June 1902)
Unknown number of rats afterwards.
Awards1 cent per rat's tail
  1. ^ Reign era date used in the Vietnamese Imperial calendar.
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The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre (Vietnamese: Cuộc đại thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội; chữ Nôm: 局大慘殺𤝞於河內; French: Massacre des rats de Hanoï) occurred in 1902, in Hanoi, Tonkin, French Indochina (present day Hanoi, Vietnam), when the French government authorities attempted to control the rat population of the city by hunting them down. As they felt that they were making insufficient progress, and due to labour strikes, they created a bounty programme that paid a reward of 1¢ for each rat killed.[1] To collect the bounty, people would need to provide the severed tail of a rat. Colonial officials, however, began noticing rats in Hanoi with no tails. The Vietnamese rat catchers would capture rats, sever their tails, then release them back into the sewers so that they could produce more rats.[2]

The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre happened in the middle of a global pandemic only a few years after Swiss-French physician and bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin linked the spread of the pandemic to rodents.[3]

Today, the events are often used as an example of a perverse incentive, commonly referred to as the Cobra Effect.[1] The modern discoverer of this event, American historian Michael G. Vann argues that the cobra example from the British Raj cannot be proven, but that the rats in Vietnam case can be proven, so the term should be changed to the Rat Effect.[1]

Background

French plans for Hanoi

Paul Bert street (now Tràng Tiền Street), an example of the French renovation of Hanoi.

Indochina (present day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) in several stages to gain backdoor access to the wealth of China through its market, specifically the French sought a river route to the Chinese province of Yunnan, which at the time was imagined as "El Dorado with silk instead of gold".[6]

Prior to the establishment of the French protectorate of Tonkin, the city of Hanoi was a collection of 36 streets, each of these streets was devoted to a specific craft as well as several temples and pagodas spread around the settlement.

Lanessan Hospital.[8]

In 1897

Ba Đình District), as some visitors would describe it as "a slice of Paris on the other side of the world".[11][10] This area of the city sharply contrasted the cramped, narrow, and chaotic "Native Quarter" (Quartier indigène), where both the indigenous Annamese people and Han Chinese people resided.[10]

In the year 1902 the capital city of French Indochina was moved from

Paul Doumer Bridge (now called the Long Biên Bridge), which spanned the 1,700-meter (5,600 ft) width of the Red River, and the Grand Palais d’Expositions which built for the Hanoi Exhibition in 1903.[12] These actions were enacted to make Hanoi a showcase for France's civilising mission in Indochina and to provide the city with the very first electricity network in Asia.[12]

French public health mission and the sewage system

Among the large projects ordered by Paul Doumer was the construction of a massive underground

sewage system that would serve both as a symbol of French modernity and keep the "French Quarter" clear of any human waste.[12] As toilets were seen as "a sign of civilisation" Doumer wanted there to be flushable toilets in every French palace.[12] By the time of Paul Doumer's departure in March 1902, over 19 kilometers of sewers had been built underneath Hanoi,[13] the largest concentration of which lay beneath the "French Quarter".[10][12] A smaller section of the sewage system also lay underneath the "Indigenous Quarter" of the city.[10] The new sewer system did help fight Cholera, a disease brought to Hanoi by the French expeditionary forces coming from Algeria.[6]

This large new sewage system also brought with it a new unforeseen problem from the French, rats.

Bubonic Plague (or the "Black Death").[10][12] Just a few years earlier in 1894 the famous Alexandre Yersin discovered the Yersinia pestis bacteria that caused the disease and his colleague Paul-Louis Simond linked it to fleas found on rodents.[12][6] Because of the new knowledge about how rats caused the Bubonic Plague the French colonists became very concerned with the situation and quickly wanted to remedy the situation.[12][13]

"If industrialisation changed the world for human beings, it also created new opportunities for their furry neighbours. Expanding cities and long-distance trade networks offered rats new habitats and new ways to travel distances far greater than they could with just their stubby little legs. As with humans, these technological changes resulted in a demographic explosion. I'm not sure if we breed like rats or they breed like people. It is impossible to know the exact rat population, but scientific estimates indicate that these rodents currently outnumber human beings by several billion. I find it fascinating that as humans went through an unprecedented population boom from 1800 to the present, rats, which most people consider a pest, increased in number as a direct consequence of human actions."

Michael G. Vann at "The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: A Conversation with Michael G. Vann" (20 August 2020) - The Made in China Journal.[6]

Contemporary pandemic

Further information: Third plague pandemic

The

deadliest pandemics in history.[17][16][18]

In 1898 Paul-Louis Simond was in the city of

bacterium Yersinia pestis, the agent causing bubonic plague, from rat to rat, and from rat to human.[6]

The third plague pandemic happened at the same time as the French renovation of Hanoi.

United States military brought it to Manila during their invasion of the Philippines at the Asian theatre of the Spanish–American War.[6] In 1899 it struck the Republic of Hawaii,[19][20] where in Honolulu (its capital city) the authorities chose to burn down its Chinatown.[6] Before the Bubonic plague hit the American city of San Francisco[21] its municipal authorities decided to enact a quarantine policy for its Chinatown.[22][6] During the quarantine the municipal authorities discussed enacting a "Honolulu Solution" to prevent the disease from affecting the rest of the city.[23][6]

The global situation became serious for Hanoi when French residents reported an infestation of rats in the French Quarter.[6] It seems that brown rats in Hanoi arrived on ships and trains that came from China where the pandemic started.[6] This invasive species of rats quickly discovered that the new sewers were an ideal ecosystem and quickly took over Hanoi's urban infrastructure, with reports coming out that people had spotted rats climbing up the outflow pipes and later even out of the toilets in French houses.[6] The realisation that these might be plague-carrying cats created a panic among health officials leading to their response to attempt to eradicate the rat infestation before the city would succumb to the pandemic.[6]

Social environment and French government policy at the time

The demand for silk waned as the French completed their railway between

Jews of Asia".[6]

During

Third Republic embraced Progressivism and the technocrats who had a free rein during the Empire were frustrated by the new democratic constraints placed upon them.[6] Many of these technocrats were drawn by French colonial empire, where they could engage in widespread social experiments without the fear of opposition or negative public opinion as they could use the military to enforce their policies.[6] In Hanoi this translated to a complete renewal of the city based on French modernity.[6]

The French Quartier Européen was located right next to the old 36 streets of Hanoi, in the perspective of the French the 36 streets were an old and dirty place.[24] The Native Quarter had many lakes and ponds, the roads were mostly dirt roads, when it rained it became muddy, and the houses were shabby with mostly thatched roofs.[24] By contrast, the Quartier Européen area had wide roads, green trees, and white spacious villas.[24] Roughly 90% of the population of Hanoi lived in the Old Quarter which made up only ⅓rd of its surface area, while the Quartier Européen and an administrative and military district to the west held only 10% of the city's population and made up the other ⅔ of the city.[6] This resulted in Hanoi being an examplar "colonial dual city" where the colonial elites enjoyed a spacious luxurious lifestyles compared to the colonised natives who were all cramped into pre-colonial slums.[6]

During the early period of French rule in the Union of Indochina, colonial officials knew almost nothing about the tropical diseases they would encounter.[24] When epidemics of smallpox, diarrhea, dengue fever, syphilis, etc. would break out they could do nothing but erect barriers between them and the natives.[24] The French regarded their colonial empire as a Mission Civilisatrice and justified the urban renovations of Hanoi as an act to "combat disease".[6]

While during the 1890s Hanoi was being equipped with modern sewers using the latest technology and the city received its own

freshwater system, the access to these resources was quite strictly divided between racial lines as the system only served the White parts of town while very little Asians actually had access to the benefits of the city's new urban infrastructure.[6] While the newly built French-style villas contained both running water systems and modern flush toilets, most of the Vietnamese and Chinese residents of the city who resided in the Old Quarter had to collect water from public fountains.[6] The human waste commonly found in these public fountains were removed by pre-dawn night-soil collectors.[6] Rather than having any proper sewers the Old Quarter only contained gutter drains.[6]

On 8 January 1902, Yersin was accredited to be the first Headmaster of

southern China on the newly established steamship lines.[6]

As the source of the plague was in Yunnan, the French vilified China and Chinese people.[6]

First attempts to control the rat population

An example of a dead rat.

During the beginning of the campaign in April 1902 the Government-General of French Indochina hired professional Vietnamese rat-catchers, these would descend into the sewers to hunt the rats down, and be paid for each rat that they had eliminated.[10]

"One had to enter the dark and cramped sewer system, make one’s way through

fleas with the bubonic plague or other contagious diseases. This is not even to mention the probable existence of numerous other dangerous animals, such as snakes, spiders
, and other creatures, that make this author’s skin crawl with anxiety."

Michael G. Vann at "The Cobra Effect: A New Freakonomics Radio Podcast".

In the last week of April it was reported that the rat-catchers had killed 7,985 rats, in early May they started gaining more experience and the death toll was higher than 4,000 rats a day.[10] By the end of May the numbers were even higher.[10] On 30 May alone, they reported having killed 15,041 rats.[10] In June, daily kill counts topped 10,000, and on June 21, they reported having killed as many as 20,112 rats in a single day.[10] The success of these professional rat-catchers immediately caused a reduction of deaths caused by diseases carried by the rodents.[13] Despite the high number of rats killed being reported the French realised that the professional pest control services weren't making a dent in the rat population as the rats could quickly reproduce,[13] so they sought alternative measures to try and reduce the rat population in the city.[10]

The people hired to hunt the rats in the sewers began getting displeased with their situation.[24] They saw their complex and dangerous working environment surrounded by all kinds of waste, human excrement, uncleanliness, and having to deal with dangerous animals like snakes and centipedes, while they were paid very little for their work relative to the effort they invested.[24] In July 1902, Dr. Serez reported to his superiors that he was having problems with the locals during the rat eradication campaign, as they started to go on strike demanding to have their wages increased.[24] The VNEconomics Academy of Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies reports that Professor Nguyễn Văn Tuấn claimed that by 1904, the authorities increased the commission for every rat killed to 4 cents.[24] Nguyễn Văn Tuấn further noted that during the campaign a total of 55,000,000 rats were reported as being killed.[24]

While the French colonial empire saw itself as a modern technocratic administration and administered its colonies based on rigid record-keeping and statistics as well as a vast collection of data, the data collected by the technocrats was often unreliable.[6] All data collected by the French such as the city's population figures, the number of plague cases to the daily count of dead rats were just best guesses.[6] So the number of reported rats killed likely didn't reflect the actual number of rats that were killed.[6]

As the Quartier Européen was usually seen as the "civilised part of Hanoi" with its clean neighbourhoods, this hunt had also had perceived negative social effects for its residents.

Resident-Superior of Tonkin on June 9 to the Government-General of French Indochina, the French population kept running into indigenous rat-catchers arising from the Quartier Européen's numerous manhole covers completely covered in filth and carrying hundreds of bloody dead rats and a foul odour, which caused many of them to complain about these activities.[2]

Hiring vigilantes and the unintended consequences

As the French authorities found that the extermination process wasn't going fast enough they proceeded to

unintended consequence emerged.[10] The enterprising Vietnamese that were hired to kill the rats soon realised that killing a rat would only make future rewards less likely.[26] After all, they needed the rats to breed more rats with tails as these would become a future source of income.[26]

The French soon started noticing living and healthy rats running around without their tails.[10] The rat hunters amputated their tails and then let them escape so they could breed and create more offspring with tails to then repeat the process.[10] Furthermore, there were also reports that some Vietnamese people were deliberately smuggling in rats from outside Hanoi into the city.[10] The final straw for this plan was when French health inspectors discovered rat farming operations popping up in the countryside on the outskirts of Hanoi, that were breeding rats solely for their tails as some sort of "tail creation factories".[10][26]

As the French policies had failed to accomplish its objectives, in fact having made the rat problem even worse in Hanoi, they cancelled the bounty programme.[13]

Aftermath

After the failed campaign ended, the rats, now more numerous than ever, continued frolicking underneath the city and the French had resigned to have to live with them.[27]

Former Governor-General Paul Doumer wanted to organise the Hanoi Exhibition (an international colonial exposition) as an occasion to flaunt the city of Hanoi as a civilised and sanitary, presenting it as a victory of the French government.[24] The Hanoi Exhibition ran from 1902 until 1903 and during its time many goods and cargo from all over the world poured into Hanoi, this added to Hanoi's burden of disease because foreign rats brought pathogenic germs along with the cargo.[24] By 1903 the Bubonic plague had infected 159 people; Of these, 110 died.[24] Most of the victims were native Vietnamese people, while only 6 French colonists were infected, of which 2 died.[24] Among the reasons why the death toll was higher among the Vietnamese was because they kept their sick family members a secret out of a fear that if the authorities found out about them that they would come to check and interfere.[24]

The Bubonic plague continued to spread for the coming years.

personal hygiene habits that the French desired them to acquire.[24] This reflected the racial politics of the time, as similar attitudes existed in places like South Africa,[28] India,[29] the United States,[30] and Hong Kong.[31] However, these measures weren't very popular and angered the local population.[6]

In 1998, the Vietnamese authorities closed restaurants selling cat meat, which was marketed as "little tiger (tiểu hổ) meat", because they thought that if the cat population decreased, rats would invade the rice fields, showcasing a similar mentality to the French almost a century earlier.[24]

Scholarship and works about the event

Of Rats, Rice, and Race: The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre, an Episode in French Colonial History

In 1995, American historian Michael G. Vann was researching for his doctoral dissertation on the city of Hanoi during French protectorate period in the overseas archives (Centre des Archives Section d'Outre-Mer) in Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône.[6] During his research there he stumbled across one of the more bizarre primary sources that a historian is ever likely to find.[6] Buried deep within the overseas archives Vann found a folder that labelled "Destruction of Hazardous Animals: Rats" concerning pest control.[6] The archived file was a haphazard collection of records from the French government of Indochina detailing the number of rats that were killed on each day and the amount of money that the French had awarded to the rat hunters.[6] The archives included about a hundred of identical forms that would list the number of rats that were reportedly killed between April 1902 and July 1902 in the first and second arrondissements (districts) of Hanoi.[6] Vann noted that while the dossiers recorded hundreds of thousands of rats being killed the numbers inexplicably started to decline, with first a few thousand, then a few hundred, and then only a few dozen before reporting no rat deaths at all on the last page.[6] Vann stated that there was no indication what caused the decline in reported rat deaths anywhere in the dossier.[6]

Michael G. Vann would continue to search for more information in the Centre des Archives Section d’Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence and various collections in Paris.[6]

In the year 1997, Michael G. Vann went to Vietnam to do archival research on the rat massacre for more information on the topic.[10][13] While researching the archives, he attempted to reach into the top drawer of a card catalogue that was dedicated to pre-1954 French-language files, and then suddenly felt the sensation of a rat walking over his hand.[10]

Vann originally published Of Rats, Rice, and Race: The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre, an Episode in French Colonial History in a journal in 2003.

perverse incentives, a concept he was unfamiliar with at the time.[6] After the interview he learned that his article on the Great Hanoi Rat Massacre was being cited by a substantial number of economists and business journalists.[6]

The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam

In 2018 Micheal G. Vann and comic book artist Liz Clarke published the book The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cuộc đại thảm sát chuột tại Hà Nội: Đế chế, Dịch bệnh và Sự Hiện đại ở VN thời Pháp thuộc) through the Oxford University Press.[13] The book is a hybrid scholarly volume and graphic novel (long-form comic book).[6] While the bulk of the information contained within the book is the form of an academic work authored by Vann, there are hundreds of pages in comic book format, which were drawn up by Clarke.[6]

In an interview with PV

industrial capitalism.[6]

Vann describes his choice to make half the book in comic book format as way to reach a larger audience as he noted "that Oxford had this series that takes unusual and quirky historical research and puts it into comic form" and he found the Great Hanoi Rat Massacre to also be a "quirky story".[6] Furthermore, Michael G. Vann felt that the topics discussed in the book would be presented in a better way if they were in an illustrated format as he wanted to visually showcase the differences between the Vietnamese and French neighbourhoods of Hanoi.[6]

For researching the topic Vann went on multiple trips to Hanoi between 1997 and 2014.[6]

Michael G. Vann says that the rats themselves are one of the

main characters in his book, describing them as the "totem animal of modernity".[6] While he took inspiration from Art Spiegelman's Maus for the rats, he refused to anthropomorphise them.[6]

Vann also included themes in the book about

Sun Yat-Sen resided in Hanoi during the time of these events he included him in the book, both because he wanted to illustrate sinophobia and because he was also a graduate of the ʻIolani School in Honolulu.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c Dubner, Stephen J. (11 October 2012). "The Cobra Effect: A New Freakonomics Radio Podcast". Freakonomics, LLC. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
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  3. ^ Yersin, Alexandre (1894). "La peste bubonique à Hong-Kong" [The Bubonic Plague in Hong Kong]. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (in French). 8: 662–667.
  4. ^ Thomazi, A., La conquête de l'Indochine (Paris, 1934). Pages 286–287.
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  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Ivan Franceschini and Michael G. Vann (20 August 2020). "The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: A Conversation with Michael G. Vann". The Made in China Journal. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  7. ^ To Tuan (27 October 2012). "Worshiping Hanoi's craft ancestors. - (VOVworld)- Hanoi's 36 ancient guild streets have names beginning with the word "Hang" which refer to the craft or trade once associated with that street. As time has passed, the commerce in many "Hang" streets has changed, yet the temples in the Old Quarter dedicated to the ancestors of the original crafts remain an important part of Hanoi's unique culture". Voice of Vietnam World (Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam). Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Uncredited writer(s) (2022). "French Architecture's Roles Through Times in Hanoi". Vietnam Online. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  9. ^ Spano, Susan (May 25, 2008). "French impressions". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Linh Trương (17 June 2017). "Bài học từ cuộc 'thảm sát' chuột ở Hà Nội đầu thế kỷ 20. - Treo thưởng để diệt chuột, chính quyền ngỡ ngàng khi phát hiện người dân sẵn sàng nuôi thêm chuột để kiếm tiền thưởng. - Câu chuyện đăng trên Atlas Obscura ngày 6/6 với tựa đề "Cuộc thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội năm 1902 không diễn ra đúng kế hoạch"" (in Vietnamese). VnExpress (FPT Corporation). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  11. ^ "French Quarter in Hanoi to be preserved", VietnamPlus, 18 Nov. 2010.
    Downs, Tom, Hanoi & Halong Bay encounter (2007), p. 66. " "Much of the appeal of Hanoi's French Quarter is in its colonial architecture".
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Alexandre Dang (1 March 2019). "Le massacre des rats de Hanoï en 1902". Hanoivietnam.fr. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ngọc An (19 March 2019). "Cuộc đại diệt chuột tại Hà Nội đầu thế kỷ 20. - Gần như chưa có cuốn sách hay tư liệu lịch sử nào đề cập đến cuộc đại diệt chuột tại Hà Nội vào những năm đầu thế kỷ 20" (in Vietnamese). Báo Thanh Niên. Retrieved 25 January 2022. "Những di chứng cuộc chiến tranh mà người Mỹ gây ra với người dân VN khi ấy vẫn còn nhiều. Nhưng tôi đã được người dân nơi đây chào đón rất nồng hậu. Những nghiên cứu về VN cũng như cách để tôi hồi đáp lại những tình cảm nhận được. Ngoài ra, nhiệm vụ của tôi còn là để người Mỹ biết đến VN nhiều hơn, về lịch sử của đất nước có nền văn minh hàng ngàn năm này, chứ không phải chỉ biết đến VN qua chiến tranh", GS Michael G.Vann chia sẻ.
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  15. ^ "Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague". BBC News. 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2021-08-28. In the 19th Century there was a plague outbreak in China and India, which killed more than 12 million.
  16. ^ a b Frith, John. "The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics". Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. 20 (2). The third pandemic waxed and waned throughout the world for the next five decades and did not end until 1959, in that time plague had caused over 15 million deaths, the majority of which were in India.
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  19. ^ "Honolulu's Battle with Bubonic Plague". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual. Honolulu: Thos. G. Thrum, Hawaiian Gazette Co.: 97–105 1900. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  20. ^ Kevin R. Bailey (June 2007). "Plague in paradise : a study of plague on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations" (PDF). Department of History and the Honors College of the University of Oregon. p. 3.
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  23. ^ Taylor, Albert Pierce (1922). Under Hawaiian Skies. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Company. p. 387.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w GS Nguyễn Văn Tuấn (Prof. Nguyễn Văn Tuấn) (16 February 2021). "Cuộc tàn sát chuột vĩ đại ở Hà Nội" (in Vietnamese). VNEconomics Academy - Kiến thức kinh tế - Học viện Blockchain & Tiền mã hóa. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  25. ^ "Phần 1: Thời kỳ thuộc Pháp (1902–1945)" [Part 1: French colonial period (1902–1945)]. Hanoi Medical University (in Vietnamese). 2001. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  26. ^ a b c Jeremy Epstein (2020). "How the Hanoi Rat Massacre Informs Crypto-Economic System Design". CryptoInvestingInsider. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  27. ^ a b Đỗ Thu Nga (10 November 2021). "Pháp đã từng "sốc nặng' khi phát động chiến dịch diệt chuột Hà Nội đầu thế kỳ 20Người Pháp thuê người dân bản địa diệt chuột, số lượng có giảm đi. Song chuột sinh sản nhanh khiến họ quyết định trao thưởng cho ai mang được đuối chuột đến. Song nào họ lại bị sốc hi người dân sẵn sàng nuôi chuột để kiếm thêm tiền" (in Vietnamese). Sống đẹp. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
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  30. ^ Vavlas, Belinda A. (2010). Anti-Chinese Discrimination in Twentieth Century America: Perceptions of Chinese Americans During the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic in San Francisco, 1900–1908 (Thesis). Youngstown State University.
  31. S2CID 220733020
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Sources
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