List of former equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces
Appearance
The following is a list of former equipment used by the Iraqi Ground Forces. For a list of current equipment, please see List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces.
For a list of Former Iraqi Air Force equipment, please see Former Iraqi Air Force equipment.
Pre-1958 equipment
Small arms
Handguns
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
Webley Revolver | ![]() |
Submachine guns
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
Sterling L2A3 | ![]() |
Rifles
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
Lee–Enfield | ![]() |
Light machine guns
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
Bren light machine gun | ![]() |
Lewis gun | ![]() |
Rocket launchers
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
M20 Super Bazooka
|
![]() |
Tanks and tankettes
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
L3/35 | ![]() |
M.13/40 |
![]() |
Cruiser A15 Crusader Mk I | ![]() |
Light Tank Mk VI |
![]() |
M24 Chaffee | ![]() |
Churchill Mk VII |
![]() |
Centurion Mk 5/1 |
![]() |
SPG
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
15 cm sFH 13/1 (Sf) Geschützwagen Lorraine Schlepper (f) |
![]() ![]() |
Аrmored cars
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
Vickers Crossley Armoured Car |
![]() |
Indian Pattern Wheeled Carrier | ![]() |
Unknown armored car | ![]() |
Crossley India Pattern | ![]() |
Daimler Armored Car |
![]() |
Humber Armoured Car | ![]() |
Ferret Mk 1/1 | ![]() |
Cars
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
Land Rover Series I LWB |
![]() |
Dodge Power Wagon W100 |
![]() |
Willys M38 | ![]() |
DUKW | ![]() |
Austin Champ | ![]() |
Trucks
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
Chevrolet C15 | ![]() |
White/ Corbitt Model 666 |
![]() |
AEC Militant Mk.1 | ![]() |
Tractors
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
M4 High Speed Tractor |
![]() |
Ford FGT | ![]() |
Diamond T-980 |
![]() |
Thornycroft Antar MK.2 | ![]() |
Engineering vehicles
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
British made folding boat carrier based on unknown truck | ![]() |
Howitzers
AA guns
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
Bofors 40 mm gun | ![]() |
Mortars
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar |
![]() |
1958–2003 equipment
Small arms
Handguns
Name | Country of Origin | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
7.62×25mm Tokarev | ||
Type 51[3] | ![]() |
7.62×25mm Tokarev | Chinese copy of the Tokarev TT. |
Makarov PM[1]
|
![]() |
9×18mm Makarov | |
Beretta M1951[4] | ![]() |
9×19mm Parabellum | |
Tariq pistol[4]
|
![]() |
9×19mm Parabellum | Licensed copy of the Beretta M1951. |
Browning Hi-Power[5] | ![]() |
9×19mm Parabellum | |
CZ-75[5]
|
![]() |
9×19mm Parabellum |
Submachine guns
Name | Country of Origin | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
M84 | ![]() |
.32 ACP | Yugoslav copy of the Škorpion vz. 61 built under license.[6] |
Assault rifles
Name | Country of Origin | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
AK-47[2] | ![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
AKM[2] | ![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
MPi-KMS-72[7][page needed ]
|
![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
AK-63[7][page needed] | ![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
Type 56
|
![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
vz. 58 | ![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
PM md. 63/65[8]
|
![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
Zastava M70
|
![]() |
7.62×39mm | M70AB folding stock variant used.[6] |
Tabuk 7.62mm assault rifle | ![]() |
7.62×39mm | Locally produced copy of the AKM, it can fire rifle grenades.[6][9][10] |
Tabuk 5.56mm assault rifle | ![]() |
5.56×45mm NATO | Locally produced copy of the AKM or AKMS, presumed to fire the M193 cartridge.[11] |
Rifles
Name | Country of origin | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
SKS[5] | ![]() |
7.62×39mm | |
Zastava M59/66[12] | ![]() |
7.62×39mm |
Machine guns
Name | Country of origin | Type | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
RPD[2] | ![]() |
Light machine gun | 7.62×39mm | |
RPK[13] | ![]() |
Light machine gun | 7.62×39mm | |
Zastava M72[14] | ![]() |
Light machine gun | 7.62×39mm | |
Al-Quds[13] | ![]() |
Light machine gun | 7.62×39mm | Locally produced copy of the Zastava M72.[14] |
SG-43 Goryunov | ![]() |
Medium machine gun | 7.62×54mmR | SGM variant used.[5] |
PK machine gun[7][page needed][15] | ![]() |
General-purpose machine gun | 7.62×54mmR | |
FN MAG[5][7][page needed] | ![]() |
General-purpose machine gun | 7.62×51mm NATO | |
AA-52[7][page needed ]
|
![]() |
General-purpose machine gun | 7.62×51mm NATO | |
DShK[5] | ![]() |
Heavy machine gun | 12.7×108mm | DShK 1938 and 38/46 models used.[16] |
KPV[2]
|
![]() |
Heavy machine gun | 14.5×114mm |
Sniper rifles
Name | Country of Origin | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Dragunov SVD[5]
|
![]() |
7.62×54mmR | |
Al-Kadisa[17] | ![]() |
7.62×54mmR | Locally produced copy of the SVD.[5] |
Tabuk[18] | ![]() |
7.62×39mm | Licensed copy of the Zastava M70B1.[14] |
Hand grenades
Name | Country of Origin | Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
RG-42[19] | ![]() |
Fragmentation grenade
|
|
F1[19] | ![]() |
Fragmentation grenade | |
RGD-5[19] | ![]() |
Fragmentation grenade | |
RGO-78[19] | ![]() |
Fragmentation grenade | Bulgarian copy of the RGD-5. |
RKG-3[19]
|
![]() |
Anti-tank grenade | |
No. 2 Grenade[19] | ![]() |
Offensive grenade | Egyptian copy of the Czechoslovak RG-4 grenade. |
Rocket launchers
Name | Country of Origin | Notes |
---|---|---|
RPG-7[2][20] | ![]() |
|
Al-Nassira | ![]() |
Locally produced copy of the RPG-7.[21][22] |
Grenade launchers
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
GP-25 | ![]() |
AGS-17 | ![]() |
Recoilless guns
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
SPG-9[20] | ![]() |
M40A1[20] | ![]() |
Anti-tank missiles
Name | Country of origin | Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
AT-1 Snapper[20]
|
![]() |
MCLOS
|
|
AT-2 Swatter[20]
|
![]() |
MCLOS | |
AT-3 Sagger[20]
|
![]() |
MCLOS | |
AT-4 Spigot[5]
|
![]() |
SACLOS
| |
HOT ATGM[20]
|
![]() ![]() |
SACLOS | |
MILAN[20] | ![]() ![]() |
SACLOS | |
SS.11[23] | ![]() |
MCLOS | |
M47 Dragon | ![]() |
SACLOS | Captured from Iran.[24] |
Man-portable air-defense systems
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
SA-7 Grail[25]
|
![]() |
SA-14 Gremlin[25]
|
![]() |
SA-16 Gimlet[25]
|
![]() |
HN-5A[25] | ![]() |
Mortars
Name | Country of origin | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
M70 commando mortar[26] | ![]() |
60 mm | |
Al-Jaleel 60 mm Commando Mortar | ![]() |
60 mm | Locally produced copy of the M70.[26] |
Al-Jaleel 60 mm[27] | ![]() |
60 mm | |
M-37M[2] | ![]() |
82 mm | |
Al-Jaleel 82 mm[28] | ![]() |
82 mm | |
120-PM-43 mortar[2] | ![]() |
120 mm | |
Al-Jaleel 120mm[29] | ![]() |
120 mm | |
M1943[2] | ![]() |
160 mm | |
M-240[23] | ![]() |
240 mm |
Towed artillery
Name | Country of origin | Number | Caliber | Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M116 howitzer[30] | ![]() |
75 mm | Mountain gun | ||
D-44[31] | ![]() |
85 mm | Field gun | ||
Ordnance QF 25-pounder[32] | ![]() |
88 mm | Gun-howitzer | ||
OTO Melara Mod 56[33] | ![]() |
105 mm | Mountain gun | ||
M-56 Howitzer[34] | ![]() |
105 mm | Howitzer | ||
D-74[33]
|
![]() |
122 mm | Field gun | ||
D-30[33] | ![]() |
861[23] | 122 mm | Howitzer | |
M-30[33] | ![]() |
30[23] | 122 mm | Field gun | |
M-46[33] | ![]() |
772[23] | 130 mm | Field gun | |
Type 56-I[33] | ![]() |
130 mm | Field gun | Chinese copy of the M-46. | |
M1937[33] | ![]() |
50[23] | 152 mm | Gun-howitzer | |
D-1[33] | ![]() |
250[23] | 152 mm | Howitzer | |
2A36 Giatsint-B | ![]() |
180[23] | 152 mm | Field gun | |
Type 83 | ![]() |
50[23] | 152 mm | Howitzer | |
G5 | ![]() |
100[33] | 155 mm | Howitzer | |
GHN-45
|
![]() |
200[33] | 155 mm | Howitzer | Illegally transferred to Iraq via Jordan.[23] |
M114[33] | ![]() |
155 mm | Howitzer | Captured from Iran.[35] | |
Type 63 | ![]() |
100[23] | 107 mm | Multiple rocket launcher |
Anti-tank guns
Name | Country of origin | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
D-48[36] | ![]() |
85 mm | |
MT-12[36] | ![]() |
100 mm | 100 delivered by the Soviet Union.[23] |
M1977[37] | ![]() |
100 mm |
Anti-aircraft artillery
Name | Country of origin | Number | Caliber | Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZPU | ![]() |
14.5×114mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun
|
ZPU-1, ZPU-2, and ZPU-4 variants used.[25] | |
Zastava M55 | ![]() |
20 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | M75 variant also used.[38] | |
ZU-23-2 | ![]() |
23 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | [25] | |
Oerlikon GDF | ![]() |
35 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | Captured from Kuwait, used with the Skyguard fire control system.[39] | |
61-K
|
![]() ![]() |
250[25] | 37 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | Chinese Type 55 also used.[40] |
AZP S-60 | ![]() ![]() |
500[25] | 57 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | Chinese Type 59 also used.[40] |
52-K
|
![]() |
200 | 85 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | Used with the Fire Can radar.[25]
|
KS-19 | ![]() |
200[25] | 100 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | |
KS-30
|
![]() |
200[25] | 130 mm | Towed anti-aircraft gun | |
ZSU-23-4
|
![]() |
200+[25] | 23 mm | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
|
|
M53/59 Praga[38] | ![]() |
30 mm | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun | ||
ZSU-57-2 | ![]() |
100+[25] | 57 mm | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun |
Tanks
Name | Country of origin | Type | Number | Variant | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PT-76 | ![]() |
Light tank | 100[33] | ||
T-34 | ![]() |
Medium tank | 175 | T-34/85 | [23] |
T-54
|
![]() |
Main battle tank | 300[23] | ||
T-55
|
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Main battle tank | 1,400[23] | ||
T-55 Enigma | ![]() |
Main battle tank | Local upgrade of the T-55. Designated as the Al-Najm or Al-Faw.[41] | ||
TR-580 | ![]() |
Main battle tank | 150 | Transferred by Egypt.[23] | |
Type 59 tank | ![]() |
Main battle tank | 1,000[23] | ||
Type 69 tank | ![]() |
Main battle tank | 1,500 | Type 69-I Type 69-II |
[23] |
Type 69-II Enigma | ![]() |
Main battle tank | Local upgrade of the Type 69-II. Designated as the Al-Najm or Al-Faw[41] | ||
T-62 | ![]() ![]() |
Main battle tank | 2,850[23] | ||
T-72 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Main battle tank | 550[23] - 1,038[42] | T-72B T-72M T-72M1 |
|
Lion of Babylon (tank)
|
![]() |
Main battle tank | Locally assembled T-72M1 using Polish knock-down kits, none were built according to Polish officials.[42] | ||
Chieftain | ![]() |
Main battle tank | 30[33] | Mk 3 Mk 5 |
Captured from Iran, most were given to Jordan.[23] |
M47 Patton[33] | ![]() |
Main battle tank | M47M | Captured from Iran, most were given to Jordan.[23] | |
M60 tank[33] | ![]() |
Main battle tank | M60A1 | Captured from Iran, some were given to Jordan.[23] |
Tank destroyers
Name | Country of origin | Number | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
SU-100 | ![]() |
250[23] | |
9P133 | ![]() |
100[23] | Armed with Sagger missiles. |
9P148 | ![]() |
Armed with Konkurs missiles. | |
VCR/TH | ![]() |
100[33] | Armed with HOT missiles.[43] |
Reconnaissance vehicles
Name | Country of origin | Type | Number | Variant | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRDM-2 | ![]() |
Scout car | 250[23] | ||
D-442 FUG[33] | ![]() |
Scout car | 200 | D-944 PSzH | [23] |
MOWAG Roland[33] | ![]() |
Scout car | |||
EE-3 Jararaca | ![]() |
Scout car | 300[33] | ||
Panhard AML | ![]() |
Armored car | 300[33] | AML-60 AML-90 |
|
Panhard ERC | ![]() |
Armored car | 50 | ERC-90 Sagaie | [23] |
EE-9 Cascavel | ![]() |
Armored car | 200[23] |
Armoured fighting vehicles
Name | Country of origin | Type | Number | Variant | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMP-1[23] | ![]() ![]() |
Infantry fighting vehicle | 1,000[33] | BVP-1 | |
Saddam II | ![]() |
Infantry fighting vehicle | Locally upgraded BMP-1, used by Republican Guard units.[44] | ||
BMP-2 | ![]() ![]() |
Infantry fighting vehicle | 200[23] | BVP-2 | |
BMD-1 | ![]() |
Infantry fighting vehicle | 25[23] | ||
AMX-10P | ![]() |
Infantry fighting vehicle | 45 | Includes AMX-10 VLA and AMX-10 VFA command post versions.[23] | |
BTR-152[33] | ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 200[23] | ||
BTR-50[33] | ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 250[23] | ||
BTR-60[33] | ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 250[23] | BTR-60PB | |
MT-LB | ![]() ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 750 | Some were modified into mortar carriers.[23] | |
OT-62 TOPAS[33] | ![]() ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 100[23] | OT-62A | |
OT-64 SKOT[33] | ![]() ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 200[23] | OT-64A | |
M113
|
![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | M113A1[33] | Captured from Iran, some were given to Jordan.[23] | |
Panhard M3 | ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 200 | M3 VTT M3 VAT |
Includes 5 M3 VAT armoured recovery vehicles.[23] |
EE-11 Urutu[33] | ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 200[23] | ||
Type 63
|
![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 650 | Type YW701 | Includes some command post vehicles.[23] |
Walid | ![]() |
Armoured personnel carrier | 100 | Status uncertain.[23] |
Self-propelled artillery
Name | Country of origin | Type | Number | Caliber | Variant | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2S1 Gvozdika[33] | ![]() |
Self-propelled gun
|
150[23] | 122 mm | ||
2S3 Akatsiya[33] | ![]() |
Self-propelled gun | 150[23] | 152 mm | ||
AMX 30 AuF1
|
![]() |
Self-propelled gun | 85[33] | 155 mm | CGT | |
M109 howitzer[33] | ![]() |
Self-propelled gun | 155 mm | M109A1 M109A2 |
Captured from Iran and Kuwait.[45] | |
M-1978 Koksan | ![]() |
Self-propelled gun | 170 mm | Captured from Iran.[46] | ||
BM-21 Grad[33] | ![]() ![]() |
Multiple rocket launcher | 1,060[23] | 122 mm | BM-21 RL-21 |
|
Katyusha | ![]() |
Multiple rocket launcher | 132 mm | BM-13-16[33] | ||
ASTROS II[33]
|
![]() ![]() |
Multiple rocket launcher | 67-260 | 127 mm 180 mm 300 mm |
SS-40 SS-60 Sajeel |
Produced under license as the Sajeel.[23] |
M-87 Orkan | ![]() |
Multiple rocket launcher | 2[23] | 262 mm |
Engineering vehicles
Name | Country of origin | Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
T-54/55 ARV[47] | ![]() |
Armoured recovery vehicle | |
Type 653[47] | ![]() |
Armoured recovery vehicle | |
Chieftain ARV[47] | ![]() |
Armoured recovery vehicle | Captured from Iran. |
Engesa E-11[47] | ![]() |
Repair and recovery vehicle | |
BAT-M[48] | ![]() |
Military engineering vehicle | |
MDK[48] | ![]() |
Excavator | |
TMK-2[48] | ![]() |
Trencher | |
IMR
|
![]() |
Obstacle clearing vehicle | Based on the T-55 tank chassis.[48] |
KMT-4/6 | ![]() |
Mine plow | One KMT-6 was assigned per tank platoon, depending on supplies.[49] |
KMT-5 | ![]() |
Mine roller | One KMT-5 was assigned per tank company, depending on supplies.[49] |
UR-77[49]
|
![]() |
Mine-clearing line charge | |
MTU-20[50]
|
![]() |
Bridgelayer
|
|
MT-55 | ![]() |
Bridgelayer | Used by armored units.[50] |
BLG-60[50]
|
![]() |
Bridgelayer | 24+ in service in 1991.[47] |
TMM[50] | ![]() |
Pontoon bridge | |
PMP[50] | ![]() |
Pontoon bridge | |
GSP[50] | ![]() |
Amphibious ferry | |
PTS[50] | ![]() |
Amphibious transport |
Ground surveillance radars
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
SNAR-2 | ![]() |
SNAR-10 | ![]() |
Tactical ballistic missiles based on SCUD and Luna
Country of Name | Country of Origin |
---|---|
FROG-7 |
![]() |
Al-Raad (mod. 9M21 rocket) | ![]() |
Scud -B |
![]() |
Al-Hussein |
![]() |
Al Hijarah | ![]() |
Al Abbas | ![]() |
Al-Tammuz | ![]() |
Al-Abid | ![]() |
Conversion rocket 5Я23, 5В27Д, 2К12, Р-15/HY-2 to surface to surface missiles
Name | Country of origin | Description |
---|---|---|
Al Fahd 300 | ![]() |
Conversions of the S-75 |
Al Fahd 500 |
![]() |
Conversions of the S-75, did not go operational |
Al-Barq | ![]() |
Modification of S-125 |
Al-Kasir | ![]() |
Modification of 2K12 |
Modified Р-15/HY-2 | ![]() |
for use as surface to surface missiles |
Iraqi liquid-propellant ballistic missiles
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
Ababeel-100 | ![]() |
Al-Samoud | ![]() |
Al-Samoud 2 | ![]() |
Iraqi solid-propellant ballistic missiles
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
BADR-2000 |
![]() |
Ababil-100 | ![]() |
Anti-ship missile
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
HY-2 |
![]() |
P-15 | ![]() |
Radar systems
Light utility vehicles
Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
Land Rover[47] | ![]() |
GAZ-69[51] | ![]() |
UAZ-469B[47]
|
![]() |
Trucks
Country of Name | Country of origin |
---|---|
GAZ-63[51]
|
![]() |
GAZ-66[47][52] | ![]() |
MAZ-543[52]
|
![]() |
Ural-375D[47]
|
![]() |
ZIL-157[53] | ![]() |
ZIL-135[52] | ![]() |
![]() | |
IFA L60[47]
|
![]() |
Unimog[47] | ![]() |
Scania[47] | ![]() |
Berliet GBC 8KT[47] | ![]() |
Bibliography
- Cullen, Tony; ISBN 978-0-7106-0979-3.
- Gander, Terry J.; Cutshaw, Charles Q., eds. (1 February 2002). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 2002-2003 (28th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2434-5.
- Foss, Christopher F., ed. (1991). Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics 1991-92. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-0950-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7106-0857-4.
- ISBN 978-0080375694.
- McNab, Chris (20 January 2022). Armies of the Iran–Iraq War 1980–88. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-4558-0.
- ISBN 978-0-87364-632-1.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (20 August 2014). Persian Gulf War Encyclopedia: A Political, Social, and Military History. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-61069-416-2.
- U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center (1991). How They Fight Desert Shield: Order of Battle Handbook : Friendly Forces. U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (1998). Iraq Country Handbook (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 May 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- Zaloga, Steven J. (15 March 2011). M1 Abrams vs T-72 Ural: Operation Desert Storm 1991. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84908-091-0.
- Zaloga, Steven J. (26 October 2023). Tanks at the Iron Curtain 1975–90: The ultimate generation of Cold War heavy armor. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-4728-5382-0.
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- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-1.
- ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gander & Cutshaw 2002, p. 2570.
- ^ a b c McNab 2022, p. 50.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8117-2280-3.
- ^ "AKM, Romanian". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-7.
- ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2568−2569.
- ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2566−2567.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-5.
- ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-12.
- ^ a b c McNab 2022, p. 57.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-14.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-15.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-11.
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- ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2558–2559.
- ^ "al Nasirah & RPG7". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
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- ^ Tucker 2014, p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cullen & Foss 1992, p. 300.
- ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-17.
- ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2556−2557.
- ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2554−2555.
- ^ Gander & Cutshaw 2002, pp. 2552−2553.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-61.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-62.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-63.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai IISS 1989, p. 101.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-65.
- ^ U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center 1991, p. 81.
- ^ a b Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-51.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-52.
- ^ a b National Training Center 1991, p. 132.
- ^ National Training Center 1991, p. 133.
- ^ a b National Training Center 1991, pp. 132–133.
- ^ a b Zaloga 2023, pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b Zaloga 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. A-60.
- ^ Tucker 2014, p. 61.
- ^ U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center 1991, p. 82.
- ISBN 978-0-7106-2425-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Foss 1991, p. 647.
- ^ a b c d National Training Center 1991, p. 149.
- ^ a b c National Training Center 1991, p. 151.
- ^ a b c d e f g National Training Center 1991, p. 150.
- ^ a b National Training Center 1991, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 1998, p. 155.
- ^ National Training Center 1991, p. 178.